Punishment by Seamus Heaney an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Punishment by Seamus Heaney Speaking about the poets of the 1970th, Seamus Heaney, an Irish poet and a Nobel Prize winner was, maybe, one the best known authors. Born in 1939 near Castledawson, County Derry, Heaney was the eldest of nine children of a Catholic farmer and cattle-dealer. Like Seamus Deane, he attended St Columb's College in Derry and Queen's University, Belfast, where he was a member of the informal 'Group' whose mentor was Philip Hobsbaum. Need essay sample on "Punishment by Seamus Heaney" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: How am I supposed to write a 1500 word leadership essay if I only have one days remaining until the deadline? EssayLab specialists recommend: We Can Provide You With The Winning Academic Essay How To Write A Term PaperHow To Write AssignmentBuy College EssaysPay For PapersWrite My PaperCollege PapersCoursework Writing ServiceCustom Essay Writing Service Heaney, especially in his early poems, exploited the archaeological richness of the "symbolic geography" of Northern Ireland, making the essentially Revivalist argument that authenticity could be evoked through a poetry that unearthed "fair equivalents" of the Irish past. Thus, contemplation of a judicial sacrifice, described in Heaney's poem "Punishment", together with Iron Age killing leads the author to reflect on violent retaliations taking place in his own society. Violence of the past days is compared to the events likely to be repeated in the present. The author depicts Iron Age killing and drops a hint on having the same reaction as he has while seeing young Catholic girls publicly punished for consorting with English or Protestant soldiers in 1960's Ireland. Such women were tarred and chained to railings in public places by the IRA. The parallelism is quite obvious here: "I who have stood dumb/when your betraying sisters/cauled in the tar/wept by the railings". This is closely connected with Heaney's personal experience as well. After his graduation from Queen's University in 1961 Heaney worked and lived in Belfast until 1972. Then he moved from to County Wicklow, partly to escape the violence of Belfast at the height of the conflict between Roman Catholic minority and Protestants. Though Heaney escaped the uneasy events of those days, they were clearly reflected in his works. On the other hand, there is also a psychological and cultural component that can be traced in this poem. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the period during which Heaney composed and published Wintering Out and North (the poem "Punishment" is included into), his "archaeologizing imagination" was being energized by events in Dublin. As the great interest to the historical past suddenly appeared, there were excavations going on, and the revisionism about the Vikings was in the air. Some readers have criticized this "archaeologizing imagination," especially as it is manifested in Heaney's so-called bog poems. In these poems, this imagination becomes politicized when the poet confronts head-on the problem of tribal loyalties and his obligation to literary traditions (English and Revivalist). The central image appearing in any of them is bogland, the symbol, which unifies place, person and time. Peat bogs both contain and preserve, and the author manages to develop this image into the powerful symbol of the continuity of human experience. This motive is reflected in the second verse too: "It blows her nipples/to amber beads/" as amber is also known for its ability to preserve things inside it. So, the image of preservation and (to some extent) resurrection and re-birth is repeated throughout. Moreover, to some extent Heaney's works are rooted in rural life of the Nothers Ireland, and draw on myths and unusual aspects of Irish experience. In Seamus' later poems (and "Punishment" among them) the following image is created: victims of ancient tribal violence have been wedded to the 'goddess' for so long that they have become a part of the bog: "I can see her drowned/body in the bog/the weighing stone/the floating rods and boughs/Under which at first/she was a barked sapling/that is dug up/oak-bone, brain-firkin". In Heaney's poetry they undergo a second transformation in art, and the brutal nature of their deaths is distanced as they are seen in the context of a history extending behind and before them. This distancing, however, is compromised in each case by an implicit comparison with the present day, which cannot be contemplated with equanimity. If the poems offer the consolation that violence is nothing new to the twentieth century and contemporary conflicts will be forgotten someday just as the bodies in the bog have been absorbed into the land, the parallels between present and past remain bright and vivid. Thus Heaney, in the poems about the bog which are his most memorable creations, completed something approaching an epic reconstruction of primitive man in his prehistoric, preliterate stage, and connected that remote and aboriginal tribal experience with his own experience as an Irishman living in the violence-torn North, the subject of so many terrible and shocking headline stories in the latter half of the twentieth century. In so doing, he drew a strong moral parallel between contemporary terrorism and ancient ritual sacrifice, or what in "Punishment" he calls "the exact/and tribal, intimate revenge." It would be too easy to say that he has accounted for the causes of strife among the people of his native country, and too much to say that he has produced a cure for them, but he has humanized them by the power of poetic language and so made them more understandable, more capable of a sympathetic response, than they would otherwise be. Especially by transforming the Irish bogs into a symbolic landscape, Heaney has performed a feat of imagination which can justly be compared with Yeats's achievement in creating an image of a symbolic landscape in front of the reader's eyes. In "Punishment" the speaker addresses the corpse of a girl who was executed for adultery and draws a connection between her plight and that of Catholic girls in his own Northern Ireland who were abused for dating British soldiers. The force of the poem derives from his own ambivalence toward his subject: I almost love you/but would have cast, / I know, the stones of silence. I who have stood dumb/when your betraying sisters/cauled in tar,/wept by the railings,/who would connive/in civilized outrage/yet understand the exact/ and tribal, intimate revenge. Nevertheless, in "Punishment" (North) contempt for 'connivance in civilized outrage' is unexamined. The 'artful voyeurism' of the poem is supposedly criticized as the safe stance of the remote and lustful 'civilized' observer, yet is smuggled back in as the unspoken and unacknowledged condition for the understanding of the 'exactness' of tribal, intimate revenge'. The epithet 'tribal' cannot, in this context, be immanently questioned, since it at once is sustained by and reinforces the metaphor of tribal rites which organizes the whole poem, and which is at once its pretext and its subject-matter. Neither the justness of the identification of the metaphor -- the execution of an adulteress by Glob's Iron Age people -- with the actual violence which it supposedly illuminates -- the tarring and feathering of two Catholic 'betraying sisters' -nor the immediacy of the observer's access to knowledge of his object ('I can feel...I can see') is ever subjected to a scrutiny which would imperi l the quasi-syllogistic structure of the poem. Voyeurism is criticized merely as a pose, never for its function in purveying the intimate knowledge of violence by which it is judged. As so often in Heaney's work, the sexual drive of knowing is challenged, acknowledged, and let pass without further interrogation, the stance condemned but the material it purveys nevertheless exploited. Thus a pose of ethical self-query allows the condemnation of enlightened response -- reduced in any case to paralytic 'civilized outrage', as if this were the only available alternative -- while the supposedly irrational is endowed as if by default with the features of enlightenment -- exactitude, intimacy of knowledge -- in order to compact an understanding already presupposed in the selection and elaboration of the metaphor. Heaney's so-called 'bog poems' use descriptions of the preserved bodies catalogued as vehicles for contemporary analysis. In "Punishment" Heaney as persona deliberately enters the drama of ritual sacrifice: "I can feel the tug/of the halter". The poem makes an analogy between what Heaney calls, in another of the 'bog poems', the 'old man-killing parishes' and the modern 'North' of the book's title, subtly connecting the ritual victim with the tar and feathering of Catholic girls who dated British soldiers: "your/tar-black face was beautiful". The poem is almost a love lyric, suffused with the intimacy of an "artful voyeur", but Heaney is weighed down with what he calls elsewhere his "responsible tristia" as a Catholic with strong Republican sympathies who knows his complicity in the psychology of retribution, its 'slaughter/for the common good' as 'Kinship' puts it. The narrator is morally ambivalent since he "would connive/in civilized outrage/yet understand the exact/and tribal, in timate revenge." Such intimacy is double-edged; 'outrage' and 'revenge' stand poised but suspended, an effect achieved partly through the ponderous short-lined accentual metre that Heaney employs. Heaney may be praised for his exposure of 'a private world of divided feelings' as a means to both political statement and 'fine poetry'. Yet one may suspect that English liberalismand its school teachersprefers this suspension of politics in private feeling in which Heaney's Irish sense of the historical nature of his culture's divisions can be read as a suitably engaged, yet comfortably distant, ironical defence. Throughout the early 1970s, Heaney was gradually facing up more directly to his own sectarian resentments, residues in himself of which his education told him to be ashamed. His time at Berkeley had given him an enhanced awareness of poetry as 'a mode of resistance'--North was one of the fruits of this. According to Heaney, the "scales of reality towards some transcendent equilibrium" are balanced by the poetry. His poetic scales were perfectly balanced in his "bog" poems. Works Cited List Castle, Gregory. Modernism and the Celtic Revival. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Curtis, Tony, ed. The Art of Seamus Heaney. 3d ed. Chester Springs: Dufour, 1994. Gonzalez, Alexander G. Modern Irish Writers: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, 1997 Hart, Henry. Seamus Heaney: Poet of Contrary Progressions. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992. Heaney, Seamus. North. London: Faber, 1975. Lloyd, David. Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Moment. Duke University Press, 1993 Mcguinn, Nicholas. Seamus Heaney: A Guide to the Selected Poems 1965-1975. Leeds: Arnold-Wheaton, 1986. Moore-Gilbert, Bart. The Arts in the 1970's: Cultural Closure? Routledge, 1994

Marketing and the Strip Club Essay Example

Marketing and the Strip Club Essay Example Marketing and the Strip Club Paper Marketing and the Strip Club Paper Re: Marketing Topic Paper (Subject Matter) The subject I chose for my topic report is â€Å" Competing in the Adult Night Club Industry â€Å" . The subject sparked my interest when I over heard a classmate saying she wanted to own a â€Å"strip club†. I also had thoughts of one day opening my own â€Å"gentlemen’s club†. Typically when you think of a â€Å"strip club† you think of a low class, raunchy, place filled with criminals, but contrary to some beliefs that isn’t always the case. There is an upscale adult entertainment venue called a â€Å"gentlemen’s club†. We both had made reference to the recent popularity of a nightclub in Washington, DC called â€Å"The Stadium Club†. â€Å"The Stadium Club† considers itself an upscale â€Å"gentlemen’s club† that offers things such as: five star dining, dancing, live adult entertainment, valet, and door-to-door limousine service. â€Å"The Stadium Club† advertises live on the radio, works with various club promoters, is frequented by many celebrities, and is now featured in various rap songs and videos. â€Å"The Stadium† has a strong following on both facebook and twitter and has now become a DC â€Å"hot spot†. I knew that â€Å"The Stadium† wasn’t the only adult entertainment venue in the area, so I wondered â€Å"What made it so popular? † and â€Å"Why was â€Å"The Stadium Club† more sucessful than the others like it? â€Å". Through a market analysis I found that this industry is highly competitive. With regards to one of â€Å"Porters five forces† I decided to base my paper on the threat of rivalry among the competetiors in this industry. Introduction There is recent trend involving the popularity of â€Å"gentlemen’s clubs† thru-out the United States. With a growing acceptance and tolerance for these venues clubs are being bought and sold for millions of dollars These adult entertainment clubs have become just as popular as â€Å"regular clubs†. Atlanta and Las Vegas have an entire nightlife surrounding this industry with millions of dollar being made by these nightclub owners. There are over 2,500 â€Å"gentlemen’s clubs† competing in this 15 billion dollar market surrounding the industry. Out of the 2,500 venues only two have become successful enough to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The most successful one being â€Å"Rick’s Cabaret† based in New York City. Ricks is a very upscale â€Å"gentlemen’s club† that puts â€Å"The Stadium Club† to shame. According to â€Å"Business Wire New York† Ricks is the leading operator of upscale â€Å"gentlemen’s clubs†. â€Å"Ricks Cabaret† dominates the market operating over eleven clubs in seven cities including: Philadelphia, New Orleans, Charlotte, New York Miami, Dallas, Huston, and Minneapolis. â€Å" Ricks Caberet† Miami location operates as â€Å"Tooties† and was voted the number one †gentlemens club† in the United states by †Complex Magazine†.

A Study on the Worlds Educational System

A Study on the Worlds Educational System A number of similarities as well as differences exist between the K-12 education system in the United States and the 8-4-4 system in Kenya. The similarities are such as the age at which children enter into school. In both countries children enter school approximately at the age of five or six. Also, the initial grade of commencing education is termed as kindergarten in both countries. In addition, one has to spend twelve years both in primary and high school education level before qualifying for tertiary education which may be in the universities or colleges despite the difference in the grading system within the twelve years. Another similarity between both systems is that one can access the K-12 or 8-4-4 education from both private institutions as well as public institutions. Moreover both systems enjoy funding from the state governments as well as federal and local government but those attending private institutions are self- sponsored that is they have the responsibility of payi ng their tuition fees to the institutions. Also in both systems one has to perform at a certain set average standard at the examinations provided in each level in order to qualify for the next level. In both systems students traditionally proceed from one level to the subsequent one as a â€Å"class† upon the completion of each academic year. In both countries it is compulsory to enroll in to the education systems after attaining the minimum required age and the parents or guardians who fail to abide by this law risk been prosecuted in accordance to the laws of the countries. However these laws are much more strict and effective in the United States as compared to Kenya where laxity has been observed in the enforcement of the compulsory education laws leading to a very dismal enrolment of children in schools especially in the parts of the country inhabited by the pastoralists’ communities. Nevertheless, in both countries there is no a compulsory level of the education system which one should go up to before leaving the education system. One is free to undertake his or her studies up to primary level, high school level or even college or university level in accordance to his intellectual capabilities as well as financial strength. In both countries student loans and scholarships are provided in the university level to enable students meet their tuition costs as well as other related costs such as those incurred while undertaking research projects (Brint in the primary and high school level the school year usually starts immediately after the customary summer recess that is in August and sometimes in September while in Kenya the school year commences in January immediately after the New Year festivities. In the U.S, students have only six hours of schooling per day while in Kenya students spend almost ten hours in school on a daily basis. In the 8-4-4 system, students in primary and high school level break for holidays three times per year while i n the K-12 system students have only one long holiday which is slated during the summer season. Another difference between the systems is that in the K-12 system, primary education takes only five years while in the 8-4-4 system it takes eight years. In the K-12 system; upon graduating from primary school, one proceeds to middle school before proceeding to high school while in the 8-4-4 system one directly joins high school upon completing primary education. In the U.S each state governs the public education unlike in Kenya where the public education system is governed by the central government. In Kenya, one is free to obtain admission to any public school of his or her choice within the country while in the U.S the right of entry to a certain public school is mostly granted on the residential basis. Also the grading scale used in the 8-4-4 system is quite different from the one applied in the K-12 system. The rate of enrollment into the K-12 system is quite high as compared to the 8-4-4 system. Besides, teacher employed in the primary level in the K-12 system are graduates of early childhood development degree program while in the 8-4-4 system majority of primary school teachers possess only a certificate from a teachers training college (Herbst, 1996)

MacDonald Triad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MacDonald Triad - Essay Example Research evidences suggest that fire setting behaviour in childhood can be linked to release of frustration or anger, which has well been recognized as potential reasons of homicidal tendency. Criminal psychologists point out that many murderers engage in animal cruelty to get courage for harming their human rivals. Like the case of fire setting in childhood, children use to engage in animal cruelty as a way of expressing their anger and or frustration. Children consider animals as weaker and vulnerable segments and hence they enjoy a wild pleasure by torturing animals. Later, those children gain power over humans and gradually this behaviour turns to violent offenses. This theoretical concept has been supported by many scholars. â€Å"Studies have found that those who engaged in childhood acts of animal cruelty used the same method of killing on their human victims as they did on their animal victims† (RTBot, 2012). In a study conducted among 45 violent offenders by McClellan (2008), it was found that nearly 56% of them had engaged in animal cruelty during childhood. It clearly indicates the notable relationship between animal cruelty and late violent behaviors. Similarly, some scholars are of the view that a child may develop frustration if he/she was punished for unintentional bedwetting during sleep and this mental state would eventually lead to violent behavior. An additional strength is that many studies could prove a close link between fire setting and animal cruelty in childhood. According to these findings, there are many common causes for obsession with fire setting, animal cruelty, and violent behaviors. The major weakness of this model is that statistical studies do not indicate a strong link between the triad and violent offenders. Some researchers argue that the three behaviors linked to violent tendencies by MacDonald may be simply resulted from parental neglect and

Ballet and Modern Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ballet and Modern Dance - Essay Example Several cultures around the world have also been introduced into the dance in an attempt to make it more understandable in their own context. The dance style was introduced in France by Catherine de Medici when she got married to the king of France and it was mainly performed in the royal courts. Some of the initial costumes for the dance included masks, pantaloons, various ornaments, headdresses as well as other designed outfits (Anderson, 2008). The dance steps were composed of slides, slight hops, curtsies, gentle moves and promenades. The shoes commonly used for the dance in the early times were made up of small heels to increase ease of movement. Currently, there exist three main styles of ballet namely contemporary ballet, classical ballet and neoclassical ballet. Classical ballet is a form that is deeply entrenched on the ancient ballet techniques and vocabularies. The neoclassical version deviates from the classical ballet in the sense that it has non-traditional feats as well as unusually fast moving tempos. The contemporary style is composed of the classical ballet techniques and the modern dance methods. The modern dance began in the 19th century and extended to the early 20th century in the U.S.A and Germany. This dance style was established as a means of responding directly to ballet performances through the refusal of its codified motions and the narrative forms. The modern dance consists of a wide range of styles which were defined by the various artists who took part in it. In ballet, the movements commonly known as line take various forms which include diagonal, horizontal and vertical. The vertical lines in which the dances make slight sequential jumps indicate elegance, grandeur as well as strength while the diagonal lines are signs of movements. In modern dance the lines normally adopted by the dances is horizontal line which indicates calm, placidity as well as repose. Repetition which is common phenomena in all

Skin Cancer :: essays research papers

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. There are two different types of skin cancers: Melanomas and non-melanomas. To understand both of these terms a little better you need to be aware that your skin is divided up into 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. The top layer, the epidermis, is very thin and serves to protect the deeper layers of the skin. The epidermis is also composed of basal cells, which in turn divide to form squamous cells and melanocytes. Melanoma skin cancer develops from the melanocytes and non-melanomas skin cancer develops from the basal and squamous cells. There are 2 types of non-melanomas cancer that result from these cells. The first is basal cell carcinoma; basal cell carcinoma begins in the lowest layer of the epidermis, the basal cell layer. This type of skin cancer tends to be slow growing and is usually is found in areas that are highly exposed to sunlight, such as the head or neck. The second type is called squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 20% of all skin cancers, and penetrates the skin more than basal cell would, therefore, is considered to be more harmful. Surprisingly, even with these astonishing numbers people still continue to put themselves at risk everyday. The solution to all this is very simple, we all need to wear sunscreen when planning to expose ourselves to the sun. There are also other everyday preventive measures that we can take to decrease our chances of harmful exposure to the sun. It is always helpful to wear a shirt and a hat with a broad brim. Wear sunglasses that absorb 99%-100% of UV rays to help your block your eyes and the skin around your eyes from these harmful rays. The two most important things for most people who like to tan are to seek shade frequently and to never use tanning beds. You can put your body at even more of a higher risk of contracting skin cancer when staying in the constant heat. One of the most effective ways is to wear sunscreen when out in the sun. Sunscreens are designed to protect against sunburn (UVB rays) and generally provide little protection against UVA rays. There are two types of sunscreens, chemical and physical. Chemical sunscreens contain chemicals such as benzophenone or oxybenzone as the active ingredient.

Week Two Supervision Homework

Satisfied employees, however, refers to a feeling when they have completed a job or something that feels that they have done their job well. Either side of the argument will somehow make money, promotion and/or will get benefits. They're closely related that job satisfaction can be a motivation and/or they do it for the money, promotion and/or benefits but their satisfaction will come naturally. 2. Briefly discuss several specific actions that supervisors can take to improve employee motivation. No matter how big or small the company, motivating the team is really important to business.When people lose their motivation can create less productive, less of an asset to the business. Either way, employees' motivation will affect the overall success in a company. Praising them when they're doing well is probably the most common and most effective as a motivation factor. Providing opportunities for growth such as adding responsibilities or challenges. 3. Explain why many managers frequentl y raise the following questions: â€Å"Why didn't you do what I told you to do? † Managers have higher position than the employees being managed.Therefore, they have the privilege to make decisions and to say something like â€Å"Why didn't you do what I told you to do? † They are more experience and probably have the education to uphold the position. Since they are more experience and probably been there longer than the employees, they have gotten use to the methods they have been using. Some just don't have the time to change the nature in workplace, why change something that is not broken. Or maybe because some managers has a superiority complex and thinks that the way he wants something done is the best way. 4.Discuss the following statement: Meanings are in people, not in words. This can be explained in a lot of ways but I believe that Meanings is a personal preference. Just like the bible, it can be interpreted differently from other religion and culture even tho ugh the words are exactly the same. Don't assume people know what you mean when you tell them something. The meaning is something that will depend on their own experiences, what was learnt by others. People is what gives words meaning.. Hopefully that made any sense but this is how I believe it can actually interpreted.