Letter From a Birminham Jail Essay example - 417 Words

Summary of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King, Jr. In Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, he responds to a letter entitled Statement by Alabama Clergymen. In King’s letter, he makes it clear that he does not usually answer letters of criticism, but because this one came from educated men he felt the need to clarify his purposes, actions, and goals of this civil rights campaign. King first states he is in Birmingham because he has affiliates there who asked him to come. His goal is to spread the word of freedom like Paul spread the Word of God. King and other African American leaders had tried to negotiate with city leaders, but only to be offered broken promises. Their only choice is to organize†¦show more content†¦King justifies these sit-ins and other campaigns by talking about two kinds of laws: just and unjust. The unjust laws, which exploit the minorities, should be broken in public and done with love so their point will be made in the best manner. The greatest opponents of the civil rights movement, though, are the white moderates. King believed this because they were willing to agree with their cause, but were unwilling to deal with the tension and sacrifices to achieve their goal. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; King also responds to being called an extremist. He is at first shocked because he has always tried to find the medium of being a pacifist and a radical. Later he comes to the conclusion that one can also be fanatical about such things as love and justice and is encouraged by these thoughts. The leadership of the church is also addressed in this letter. He expected support from them but only received opposition. He is very disappointed in the lack of help but only because of his deep love and connection with the church. In his last few paragraphs King challenges the clergymen to praise the sit-inners and demonstrators for their great courage instead of the police. While the police were supposedly keeping order, they were the ones who responded with violence. King ends his letter apologizing if anything he has said is not in truth or peace. He also says that he would like to meet the clergymen as Christian brothers and prays their

The Character of Henry Higgins in Pygmalion Essay

Shaw has often been criticized for his inability to create well- developed round characters. His characters are usually seen as mere puppets propelled by the crisis of the plot or as mouthpieces for his socialist viewpoint. However in Pygmalion,, Shaw vindicates himself of these charges by the creation of rounded and life-like characters such as Higgins and Eliza. Clearly they are not authorial stooges. They have a peculiar quality that leaves a lasting imprint on the readers memory. But there is some truth in the charge that Shaw created a mouthpiece for his own ideas and the character of Alfred Doolittle is a case in point. While Doolittle is undoubtedly a staple comic character, he is an artificial and flat one. Doolittle is there†¦show more content†¦Apart from being a professor of phonetics, he has a deep reverence for literature and fancies himself as a poet. In all seriousness he thinks highly of the treasures of (his) Mittonic mind. He is self-indulgent, whimsical, a nd ill mannered when it comes to interacting with other people. Higgins is not a man given to extravagant aesthetic tastes. The walls in the Wimpole street laboratory are not adorned by paintings but by engravings. His passionate fondness for sweets and chocolates stands out in comic contrast to his seriousness and austere mode of living. Higgins most prominent characteristic is his restlessness and the consequent inability to sit still. He is constantly tripping and stumbling over something. For instance, in Act Three, Shaw writes in the stage directions that Higginss sudden arrival at his mothers at home is accompanied by minor disasters - He goes to the divan, stumbling into the fender and over the fire-irons on his way; extricating himself with muttered impatiently on the divan that he almost breaks it. These quirks and oddities of his character contribute to the laughs in the play and place Higgins in the tradition of the comic hero. It is obvious that simply as a professor of phonetics Higgins would not have been very humorous. Thus Shaw makes Higgins obsessed with his profession. His devotion to phonetics is so engrossing that it leaves little time or inclination for anything else.Show MoreRelatedHow Does Shaw Present the Relationship Between Eliza and Higgins and to What Extent Does the Audience Find It Funny.1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe myth of Pygmalion comes from the mythical Greek sculptor Pygmalion who sculpted a piece of ungraceful ivory to a stunning female statue. Shaw emphasises, social class and manners through the play of his version of Pygmalion . I will be analysing these affects and how they are comedic to the audience. At the heart of these aspects are Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, a relationship that Shaw depicts as a romance. Shaws clever use of phonetics ephasises the broad cockney accent whichRead More What drove Eliza to change? What does it mean to be high class? 1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn George Bernard Shaw’s didactic, Victorian play Pygmalion, Linguistics Professor Henry Higgins’s perceptive ears are offended by the sound of Eliza’s lowly, Cockney accent, so he wishes to change it into a flawless, pleasant voice that would blend in among high society. Higgins is a sarcastic and rude character who treats Eliza badly throughout most of the play, sometimes not even acknowledging her presence. This brings up the question of why she tolerates his rudeness. What drove Eliza to changeRead MoreEssay on Comparing Pygmalion and My Fair Lady1009 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Pygmalion and My Fair Lady Through the years, countless film directors have adapted and recreated various novels and plays to make them ideal for the big-screen. In many cases, directors strive to keep their screenplay adaptations true to the original literature; however, viewers often find contrasts in certain areas of the film. George Bernard Shaw, author of the play Pygmalion, who had passed away prior to the production of My Fair Lady in 1964, therefore, he could not assist inRead MoreCharacterisation of Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins in Shaws Pygmalion1730 Words   |  7 PagesPygmalion is written by dramatist, playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw in the year 1912 and was first published in the year 1913. The drama revolves around three main characters – Eliza Doolittle, Professor Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering – who are all striving towards the same goal. That is, they want to be able to pass Eliza off as a Duchess rather than the flower girl from the London slums that she act ually is. It starts as just a bet on the part of the Professor and the Colonel, butRead MoreWilliam Shaw s Pygmalion On The Myth Of Pygmalion And Galatea1236 Words   |  5 PagesAt the end of Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, Eliza finds herself as a new and empowered woman. Women in the 20th century are looked down upon. This is what happened to Eliza Doolittle. When Eliza meets a man named Higgins, he makes assumptions about her intelligence based on her speech. Higgins is wrong and fails to see that Eliza is one of the most intelligent characters in the play. Eliza’s ability to pick up speech and learn is high which is unusual for a woman of her social standing. In some casesRead MoreShaws Pygmalion Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesShaws Pygmalion Pygmalion can be classified as a comedy. The objects of the comedy centralize around the people, the ideas and the attitudes. The first humorous part of the play is with Mrs Eynsford-Hill and her daughter Clara waiting for Claras brother Freddy to get them a taxi as it was pouring with rain. They get annoyed so Clara asks, do you expect us to go and get one ourselves?. The audience/reader of this play finds this humorous because the Eynsford-HillsRead MoreGeorge Bernard Shaw s Pygmalion1463 Words   |  6 Pagesoutward appearance (the way in which they spoke and dressed). People such as antagonist Henry Higgins of Pygmalion, in fact, only focused on a person’s facade; they were completely ignorant to people’s true identities. As a social activist during the early 1900s, Shaw chose to introduce the incorrect judgment placed upon working class citizens to his wealthier audiences within his play Pygmalion. Henry Higgins finds poor flower girl Eliza and determines her a lost soul, deciding immediately he couldRead MoreMiddle-Class-Morality and Comments on Class and Social Standing made by Shaw in Pygmalion564 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle-Class-Morality and Comments on Class and Social Standing made by Shaw in Pygmalion George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion is the story of Henry Higgins, a master phonetician, and his mischievous plot to pass a common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, off as a duchess at the Embassy Ball. In order achieve his goal, Higgins must teach Eliza how to speak properly and how to act in upper-class society. The play pokes fun at middle class morality and upper-class superficialityRead MoreThe Themes of Pygmalion, by Bernard Shaw Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesThe play, Pygmalion, by Bernard Shaw is about a phonetics expert who makes a bet that he can pass a Cockney flower girl as a duchess in the matter of a few months. This girl, Eliza does achieve the transformation, but at the expense of a familiar life in the gutters, and risks being caste off into the world with nowhere to turn. This play explores many themes, has extensive use of symbolism, interesting tonality, irony, and the play itself is an allusion to ancient Greek mythology. The majorRead MoreThe Majority Of Male Characters924 Words   |  4 PagesThe majority of male characters in Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion appear to be fundamentally flawed in some important way. Freddy Eynsford-Hill is raised as a gentleman and, thus, is a â€Å"fool† who has trouble hailing a cab, let alone finding any suitable occupation for himself. Henry Higgins is well-educated but ill-mannered, alienating him from society due to his inconsideration for others. Alfred Doolittle appears to lack any sort of morals and â€Å"seems equally free from fear and conscience.† The only male

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Marquz †Destructive Consequences of Solitude IOP Free Essays

Solitude is defined as remoteness from society or the state of being remote from others. In Marquez’ OHYOS, solitude is what ultimately brings the village of Macondo to its tragic end. Throughout the novel we explore the interesting theme of the various forms and reasons behind solitude and its consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude by Marquz – Destructive Consequences of Solitude IOP or any similar topic only for you Order Now Psychological studies show that, on the individual level, various needs are assumed to promote growth and self-actualization. For instance, John Burton’s Deviance, Terrorism and War specifies eight basic human necessities: the need for others’ response (and consistency thereof); stimulation; security (for instance, freedom from everyday preoccupation with death fears); recognition (through which individuals receive social confirmations that their reactions to social stimulations are relevant and approved); distributive justice (not merely a consistency in response but a response or reward deemed appropriate in terms of individuals’ experiences and expectations); the need to appear rational (which follows from the need for consistency of response– rationality calls attention to the fact that there is a need for consistent behavior in others); need for meaning to be deduced from consistent response; and the need for a sense of control. From this list are various â€Å"camps† promoting the centrality of their distinctive need systems. These include, for instance, the need to belong, to bond or connect with others; the need for meaningfulness and the need for transcendence. As put by Richard Nixon, â€Å"Unless a person has a reason to live for other than himself, he will die–first mentally, then emotionally, then physically. † Studies of terminally ill individuals reveal the need for assurance that they have a legacy, that their lives made a difference, and that others are who they are because of oneself and that these others will carry one’s memory with them. The mere fact that isolation is commonly known as a form of torture demonstrates that too much solitude leads to destructive consequences. These studies are relative to my topic because throughout the novel we encounter situations in which characters are driven to insanity as a result of their solitude, even if it is a self-selected decision. To quote Francis Bacon, â€Å"Whosoever is delighted with solitude is either a wild beast or god. † One is the example of Jose Arcadio Buendia, the first great solitary of the novel. He becomes so obsessed in his pursuit for truth and knowledge that he neglects his family and ultimately loses all touch with outer reality. Another is the example of Colonel Aureliano Buendia, who retreats into the solitude of his sadness and becomes incapable of expressing emotion other than sorrow and resignation. Aureliano Buendia is an interesting character because, in the novel, he first expresses his clear preference for solitude after his encounter with a girl who is forced to sleep with other men in order to pay her debt to her grandmother. Because he feels uncomfortable in society, he retreats into the comfort of his own solitude, which brings me to introduce psychologist Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs is a sequential, graduating set of needs that a person must satisfy to reach one’s full potential or self-actualization. The needs are ranked bottom from top as physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, and self actualization. These needs must be satisfied in order to get to the top, but one may go backward as well as forward, which relates to the theme of time as a cycle, and the Buendia’s inability to progress. Because they are unwilling to communicate outside of themselves, the Buendia family is never able to move forward but moves instead in cycles, or a downward spiral, collapsing in on itself. According to Marlow, when one is unable to achieve the needs of love and belonging, it is assumed they regress back to the stage of securing their safety needs, which is most clearly demonstrated in Aureliano Buendias case. The solitary characters are often contrasted to the antisolitary characters of the novel such as Ursula Buendias and Pilar Ternera, and other characters who combat their solitude. Ursula Buendias and Pilar Ternera both live very long lives and devote their lives to strengthening social bonds. In her younger years, Pilar Ternera comforts the Buendia men with her sex and bear many of their children. She is extremely prosperous as the madame of a nunnery, which stands for a bountiful sexuality. Many other instances in the novel indicate that sex and love is used to combat solitude, especially the notion of free love. The most obvious example for this is perhaps the cold, barren relationship of Aureliano Segundo and Fernanda del Carpio in contrast with his relationship with Petra Cotes, in which his farm animals begin to proliferate and bring him great prosperity. This instance conveys the message that sexual liberation leads to progress and prosperity. Incest is a secondary theme of solitude. Essentially, incest is the practice of keeping family members within the family, which demonstrates the Buendias’ habit of isolating themselves from the rest of the community and their inability to reach out to others. The incest that occurs throughout the novel only perpetuates the Buendias’ solitude, and reflects the eventual destruction of the town. From the very beginning of the novel, Ursula warns of deformity as a result of incestuous relationships, and ironically, the last of the Buendias is born with the tail of a pig, and ends the family line. The novel ends with an interesting passage, in which the narrator explains, â€Å"He had already understood that he would never leave†¦ races condemned to 100 years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth. † Here solitude can be seen very differently, portraying the solitude of Latin America forced upon their race by the West, who denies their access to the opportunities of the developed world, in comparison to the Buendias inability to join the moving world. â€Å"The opposite of solitude is solidarity,† says Marquez. Solidarity is defined as a union of interests, purposes or sympathies among members of a group, or a fellowship of responsibilities and interests, an obvious lacking quality in the town of Macondo. Psychological studies show that social systems have various â€Å"needs† to function successfully. There is, for instance, the social need for a collectively shared sense of order and that rules for a society’s game board of life are understood and respected by all social actors. An ordered world is a predictable world and the essence of society is the predictability of its members’ actions. There are the needs for solidarity between social members (including, as anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn observed, â€Å"a set of common values that give meaning and purpose to group life†), their willingness to accept their social duties and to make personal sacrifices for the welfare of others, and their cooperation with each other. Further, if we perceive social systems to be analogous to organisms struggling to survive in potentially hostile environments, there are such individual needs as defense, coordinated action toward collective goals, and the ability to adapt to challenging new internal and external conditions. The Buendias are obviously lacking in this cooperative quality and often struggle with their meaning in life, which is reflected in the destruction of the town. In quoting HG Wells, â€Å"A downtrodden class.. will never be able to make an effective protest until it achieves solidarity. † In order for the Buendias to leave their solitude, solidarity must first be achieved. From this it can be concluded that Marquez is promoting the same message for the solitude of Latin America, having been so long controlled by the West, before they must suffer the consequences of Macondo and the Buendia family. How to cite One Hundred Years of Solitude by Marquz – Destructive Consequences of Solitude IOP, Papers

Critical Tourism Theory and Methods free essay sample

The tradition of the tourists and native people started to mingle and the traditions started to modified and the changes automatically attracts the researchers who concentrated in the patterns on the social changes in the people’s life. The changes based on the number of tourist visit, their period of stay, their interaction and the relationship between the tourist and natives plays a vital role in the traditional change. The traditions cannot be changed easily it will take a considerable period of time associated with other factors. Tourism plays an important role in intermingling the traditions and cultures of various country people’s around the world. The tourism not only affects the tradition of local people but also make considerable changes in the tradition of the tourist’s country also. Tourism and hospitality are now one of the fast developing business sector of this century. In olden days it’s not easy to travel from one place to other place the mode of travelling, climate, language problem are major hurdles for the travel it takes long period of time to travel from one place to other place most of the travels are made either for the purpose of business or as pilgrimage rather than tourism. Due to the development in the transport the invention of fast travelling vehicles made the travelling faster as well as easier and less costlier. This change made it possible for the people’s who is curious about other parts of the world and cultures of the people around the world. The language, dressing, lifestyle and culture started to attract not only the common people it also started to attract the scholars like philosophers and researchers who is interested about the people’s around the world. This interest triggered them to make close communication with the foreigner’s and they started to record the culture and language of the visitors and started to compare the difference and uniqueness of the visitors culture, language and life style with their own and with other foreign visitors. These are the foundations of research’s in the field of tourism and hospitality. The rational thinking by the philosophers and researchers based on the various notes and chronological record of events and detailed notes about the cultural, traditional practices and life style of the people’s of various places left by the priest who played an important role in day to day life of the local people and the personal diaries, notes and communication left behind by the people who travelled around the world which had lots of information about the travelling pattern, food, natural attractions and travelling modes helped researchers to widen the scope of research in the field of tourism and hospitality. The researchers mainly focused on the social science, natural science, religious aspects palmistry and faith of the people and their traditional sharing and development based on the tourism and hospitality for coming to various assumptions and formed various theories The researchers and philosophers formed various research theories based on the assumptions:- 1. Classical theory – The assumption in classical theory is people are working because of the pay. 2. Systems theory – This theory slightly varied from the classical theory in this theory it is assumed that the people are happily working because along with the pay they get better treatment from the management also. The researchers help to find out the origin, age, education, income and spending habits and travel patterns, life style and activity preferences of the tourists and get the picture about what the tourist like and dislikes about the destination and the travel information’s importance, the impression of adverting and the overall satisfaction of the visitors. Not only the private persons. But, the Governments is also started to concentrate on tourism development. It also initiated various researches to introduce several development programmes, to follow up the improvements, to rectify difficulties and made other necessary developments to attract the tourist for increase its revenue. Research methodologies generally differentiate the research approaches in 3 different categories * Positivism and post positivism * Inter pretivism * Critical theory The positivism is mainly focused and based on the positive data there are chances of falsification because of the nature of the data’s involved and to overcome the possibility of falsification, the scientific research method is used in the scientific or quantitative method the data’s used in this method is numerical data’s and surveys easily comparable and very reliable. 1. CRITICAL THEORY:- Critical theory is the research developed by the Frankfurt school (horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse and Habermas). This critical theory meaning referred by its difference from other research types and its roots traced to marx and Hegel. To some extent critical theory have some aspects of constructionism such as the cultural and historical knowledge and hat knowledge is specific it interlinks the social action and culture. There are many meanings for the word critical and we have to single out a particular meaning to use in tourism research. Critical is a specific and important type where the concept is not understood in time then it result in heavy and irreparable loss. The tourism research has the issues like critical incident analysis and critical success factors hence it is considered as critical research. There is another one meaning for the word critical it based on the notion that the close scrutiny of the fact, identifying the weakness and wrongs and offering correct judgement for the considered issue. There are many other examples for such research in tourism Analysing the evaluation quality, satisfaction of the consumer and their destination based on the sustainable practise. Both terms are well known in the tourism and hospitality industry. But both the terms are not specifically used in tourism research and in critical theory the exclusive and technical meaning is used. Even though Constructionism directly shared some concepts of critical theory it clearly differentiates itself form Critical theory. Habermas’s (1978) contribution is very important in the critical theory, particularly his theory of knowledge-constitutive interests, where he concludes that there is no interest-free knowledge. For example in â€Å"Knowledge and Human Interests† he argues that knowledge derived from positivist methodology generally serves technical interests – in particular those of management and control and the finding of technical solutions to problems. Considering the importance of this technical solutions takes the current ordering of things as given whereas for critical theory the deliberately fore grounded things by current ordering is considered as a possible problem. The critical theory approach to tourism research is to conclude what interest the people, which interest is taken into consideration and how it is carried out and in what the power is operated in the specific formation of the tourism research and also in the process of tourism and hospitality. The critical theory does not accepts the blunt and raw form of economic determinism and it indeed assumes that there is more number of forms of power. The most relevant discourse and ideology for tourism over structuralist explanation based on simple economic determinism is the post structuralist concept of ideology and discourse. (Kincheloe and McLaren 2003) The next goal of critical theory is its interest in the emancipation. – as leads to a change or difference in a way one feels or behaves in the world. The result of the emancipation is must be the production and consumption of tourism. The critical theory also contemplates ideas about the ideal place and the better life for tourism industry with a particular insistence in unleashing the agencies and autonomy. (Grundy 1987:99) A critique of technical rationality is formed it focused on the various ways which prolongs rather than ends. and it establish how in this aspect the critical theory and positivism differs from one another. Positivism generally values the freedom, excepting the question of ethical and moral aspect which cannot be defined and concluded by the appeal to facts. It therefore precludes the consideration of what is in favour of the theory so only the theory, facts and means will remain. The main concern of the critical theorists is the â€Å"Society which exists is only an imperfect representation of what it could be†. (Young 1989:2) For the critical theory: The interest and knowledge in deliverance corresponds exactly with each other and it makes up for the unities that positivism has already severed – Facts and values, reasons and emotions, theories and practices, means and ends, thoughts and actions. (Gibson 1986:37) Another aspect of the critical tourism theory includes the understanding the ideas and thinking of the researcher and research theme and admitting the researcher as first person in reporting in research unlike the view of positivism where the researcher is distanced as the third person in their research report. In this way identification, sex and emotions of the researcher is also considered as the factors which affects the research result and report and therefore along with the issue of rational thinking and rationality the reflexive recognition is also deserved in the research. The critical theory is apart from the interpretivism in one of the important aspect that it is not necessary to believe the research result of the researcher is a absolute and correct reading about the real world. There is always a possibility of the report vary because of the conventions and the culture of their period, or the unexplored aspect of happenings and situations, possibility of false or the slip in the concentration or consciousness. For example, At period of time when the witchcraft was accepted as a human activity the interpretivist research is resulted in accounting the phenomenon rather than challenging the concept. False consciousness as the situation where â€Å"that which is contingent is seen as inevitable. That which is iniquitous is seen as just. That which is imposed is seen as natural. † (Barnett (2003:56) Ideology is considered as key to critical theory. Ideology has two unique meanings. The overarching network guidelines which has the ideas one which frame, direct and inform the thinking. The ideology of the dominant class. That is the concept of ruling and dominance and subordinate and subjects is mainly developed by the critique. (Marx and Engels 1845) The ruling classes ideas are in every aspect the ruling ideas, that is the group which is the ruling force of the society is also act as the counterpart of the ruling groups intellectual force and maintains the balance. The group which has the production of material have the control over the consumption. So, generally the idea of them who don’t have control over the mental or intellectual production are subject to it. Ideology is also having the discrete and coherent belief systems. These systems have a long and ranging ideology such as political system for, e. g. Communism, Idea system e. g. Pantheism, Utilitarianism, liberalism and Confucianism to religious faiths such as Judaeo Christianity, Mohammedism and Hinduism. The work of critical theory is to identify the influence of ideology at research work and Habermas deployed ideology critique as a method of identification of ideology and a possible means of escape from ideology. Critiques encourages the self-understanding and the placing of representation of the world in the competition with other possible views of the world. The Materialism is the ideology which concerns with the literature, research and the activities in the tourism as it suggests the underlying dominant common – sense view. The basic idea of tourism is it should bring profit or it should be organised for profit, it should not only concentrate on the profit it must also take the satisfaction of playing the tourist role. And the common sense back ground in which the tourism research is operated This common sense background ideology promotes the specific kind of knowledge which concentrates on the marketing, measurement, management and planning while there are the natural questioning components that acts as the main thrust in the tourism and hospitality business. The more subtle reworking for the Marxist ideology is offered in the hegemony concept. There is not a clear and exclusive ideology for a particular unwilling group of people that they are not even interested in negotiating the ideologies. (Gramsci’s (1971) The constructive power of language, the notion of discourse is revealed, distributed and implied in the way of foulcauldian’s illustrations. (Foucault 1980). A group of statements which provide a language for talking about . a particular topic at a particular historical moment† is also a concept of critical theory. (Hall,1979) The rules and practices which have given the statement and meanings and in fact regulated what is said or may be said. In his illustrations (Foucault) involved the study which concerntrates on how madness came to be constructed out of such discourses. In some sectors the legitimising what is counted as knowledge and interest and what is not. It therefore regulates the limits of the sayable and sustainability, among others, and it may be discerned in the tourism research also. (Foucault) The critical theory also plays the important role in the controlling aspects of the culture. The mass contemporary culture is also has played a part to the situation â€Å" where the individuals are being feel comfortable in subordination and domination rather than independence and equality. (Kincheloe and McLaren,2003) The tourist guide books, brochures, postcards and advertisements in medias and papers are always paints tourism world as uncritical, easier, unproblematic and attractive one. (Jaworski and Pritchard 2005). For example the air plane is symbolised to represents the escape and empowerment not as symbol of pollution, the star hotels and resorts are portraits as highest form of luxury rather than the division in the social class and the developing countries are painted as others playground but not as a place of development and self determination. (Kincheloe and McClaren, 2003). These based analysis helped in determining the extent of the critical theories development and the presence of the critical theory. This list of key words is compiled and it related the various aspects of critical theory with description to the authors and the proper description also give. This research method is the research on the great deal of information about the small number of people. It’s a research based on the sociological, Phenomenological, Observational research rather than the research based on figures, numbers, percentages if the various aspects of the subject. The qualitative research method is based on interviews, observations, questionnaires, focus groups, reports and case studies. It not relied on the numerical data’s or statistics. Furthermore qualitative research is the assumption Qualitative research is a research method used to analysis the reasons why the tourists select one place over another, why one place attract more tourists than the other. This method used to understand, describe, and dissect the problems and find out the reason and the solution for the problem or complexity by way of using techniques like assumption, understanding and try to find out the solution. This method is one of the alternative methodological approach which has been recognised in lots of fields and it is against the old positivism approach. Generally qualitative research is starting from an inductive position, to build up the theoretical concept related framework because of the present literatures or theories may mislead. Researchers usually have idea about the study, a provisional initial conceptual frame work and for the new , in experienced or time constrained researchers it is always better to have some basic idea about what they are looking for it may change over the time†. (Miles and Huberman (1994)) Qualitative data are not based on the statistical report but it is basically a content based data. It balances the impersonal nature o f fact with the statistics or personal information given by individuals for the research. This methodology in tourism research is a collection of life stories of persons, interviews and participant observation. It also shows the group of person relevant to the research and why they are related to the research. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES:- Qualitative data’s are non – numerical. Hence, the term â€Å"empirical material† was used by Researchers to refer the term â€Å"data† in Qualitative Research. * Interviews * Observation * Focus groups * Non statistical methods. * Interviews:- Interview is a technique used in qualitative research to get the in depth knowledge of the participant about the research theme. It is also used to describe the theme effectively and it mainly concentrates in the factual and meaning level. It is mainly used in interviews concentrate in the sociological researches. Types of interviews used in qualitative research – * Unstructured interview – Unstructured interview are otherwise called life history interviews because they mainly concentrate on the facts about once personal and intimate information. This method allows the researcher to ask as many questions as he needed to sort out the fact. In this type of interview the researcher must alert because this interviews produce a great deal of information which is more difficult to analyse. * Semi structured interview – Semi structured interviews are generally used in the qualitative sociological research. This type of interviews must be conducted by schedule and need to prepare list of questions and topics because in this type interview the researched want to know the specific information and then compare it with the other information’s he gathered so, same questions need to be asked in all the interview on the same topic. Observation is a technique that is not directly involves the questing of participants it’s merely the observation of what is happening and gathering the data by way of that observation. It is very useful for gathering data’s about certain categories like children and infants. The researchers observes in two ways, * The direct observation and * The participant observation The direct observation generally uses the one way mirrors and video camera technologies in certain circumstance to observe. Researches in field of health and psychology generally on the direct observation method. The participation observation is viewed as a method as well as a methodology, in this method the observer become one of the participant, it is also a time consuming process this type generally used in anthropological and sociological researches. * Focus groups:- Focus groups may be group discussion or the group interview. A particular issue discussed by number of people who gathered in one place. It helps to get qualitative feedback. The focus groups in the tourism and hospitality industries influences on the investment of the companies in this industry. In this method it is possible to get more number of ideas in the same place and it is also possible to get a majority aspect of a particular theme easily rather than collecting the information’s individually and then come to a conclusion. In this type of group discussion its possible to analyse one view over others and question the others why they come to this conclusion. The technological advancements helps a lot in the group discussions by way of video conferencing, skype, webcams and all. * Customer feedback cards: The customer feedback cards generally used to collect the comments about a particular product, a particular service or a particular place. It is very useful to get the majority view of the advantage and disadvantage about that service or product. This method generally used in marketing, tourism and hospitality industries to gather the idea or to decide what improvements should be made to attract more number of people and know which is greatly preferred by the people and what should be done for the customer satisfaction. In tourism and hospitality industry these techniques are used by restaurants, hotels, travel agencies on other service providers in that industry * Non – statistical data’s :- published and unpublished documents like company reports, memos, letters, email messages, reports, faxes and news paper articles are considered as written data sources also plays an important role in the qualitative research data collection. Analysing qualitative data is not a simple procedure, It’s a time consuming procedure and the researcher have to go through thousands of information’s he collected and sort out them before got a clear picture about what sort of result he got. The draw back in analysing the qualitative data is it is associated with the social life the researcher carried out his research using various techniques to collect the data and the long period of time it consume makes a significant impact in the final conclusion because of the social change in the passing time. When the researcher analysing the collected data he has to consider the social circumstance at the time of its collection to come to a correct conclusion otherwise it leads the researcher in a wrong direction and make him come to a wrong conclusion. The Subjective analysis and The Objective analysis are the data analysis method used in the qualitative and quantitative research methods. * The subjective analysis used is usually applied to analysis of qualitative data’s. For example analyse the impact of culture on tourism, analyse the aspects which affects the tourism, analyse the facts plays a role in perception of tourism place select. When it comes to qualitative research it varies from time to time along with the cultural changes, the hurdles by language difference and difference in the approaches that would affect the tourism participants. The quantitative research method is a research based on the data’s. It is the scientific approach of the problem and it is one of the traditional method of approach. This research generally held when we need the result in numerical form, it is useful to divide people into different category based on their interest. It is very useful to quantify the opinions. For example, the increase in middle clause people’s spending in tourism, find out the increase in international tourism. This method is very useful if any issue involve mass people’s opinion it is easy to use the quantitative research method rather than a qualitative method to find out the majority opinion. In this method of analysis the theory is deductively by comparing the relationship between the existing data’s and the proposed research results. The Quantitative research is based on the random selection of sample from various study groups and collect data’s over a particular population. (Duffy,1985) The experimental and quasi experiments gives the essential data’s to the research to control and manipulate the independent variable to study the effects on the dependent variable. But this is not possible in the quantitative research because this research method dismisses the individual variable as unimportant. (Study of Backmon and riemans, 1987) The quantitative research is a research based on the numerical and figurative data’s of various aspect collected by the researcher. The researcher can come to a conclusion or get solutions to various problems by comparing and analysing statistics. The quantitative research method is used in tourism related researches also the year wise data’s of the tourist visit to a particular spot, finding out the reason for the increase or decrease of tourist visit to that area by taking interviews and surveys from the tourist as well as local people’s. Further that this method is used to find out the success of various development measures taken by the government as well as the innovative improvement activities made out by the private entrepreneurs for the development of the area, how the improvements attracts more number of tourist around the world. The data collection techniques of the quantitative research method are surveys, questionnaires, structured interviews, customer feed back * Surveys * Questioners * Structured interviews * Surveys: Surveys are the best method of collecting the statistical data. It is one of the primary data collection techniques of quantitative data collection and it is also a non experimental method. This method especially very useful for the researches in the tourism and hospitality industries because this technique is very useful to get the direct and comparable data’s. Cross sectional survey: survey taken in the same point of time basically the questionnaires is used. In tourism and hospitality industry it is used for the surveys like no of tourist visited u. k in 2011. * Longitudinal survey: This technique is the survey taken over a long period of time on the same aspect to compare whether the rate of tourist inflow increased, the increase in the per capita income of the native people. Com paring the number of visitors of Olympics 2007 and 2012. There are many of surveys methods such as customer in person surveys like Electronic surveys like survey through telephone, online surveys. The technological development made the survey really easier, speedy and economic the electronic surveys like the survey through the telephone, mobile or the survey through online are very effective and made the surveys covering wider area and millions of people around the world. * Questionnaires: A questionnaire is one of the important tool in collecting the quantitative data’s. It is useful only to gather the factual and straight forward information. Generally questionnaires are paper – pencil methods or web based questioner, the paper – pencil methods made people more truthful because many people feel comfortable in this indirect method rather than respond in face to face direct methods. So often the paper pencil method is more useful. There are 3 types of questionnaires: * Closed ended questionnaires * Open ended questionnaires * Combination of both * Closed ended questionnaires are generally yes or no type or optional type and in this type of questionnaire the answers already given and the participants only have to select the answers. This type used in survey methods. * the open ended questionnaires: In the open ended questionnaires the answers are in descriptive type. In this method is the blank space provided below the question for the answer. It is used to know what the people think about the place or about the service. * the Combination of both Now a days the Combination of both the open and closed end questionnaires are effective way used for research. In this method both the objective as well as descriptive type questions. The optional type questions are used to get the direct question and the descriptive type questions in the same questionnaires to get more details about the same issue for detailed and in depth knowledge. * Structured interviews:- In Quantitative research structured interviews are often used to collect data’s. In this method it is very easy to get direct data’s rather than getting an indirect one but it’s a one of time consuming and expensive method. In structured interview can be conducted Face to face, with help of computers and webcams and over the telephones. Face to face interview is the one of the best form of interview rather than the telephone interview or computer assisted personal interviews. In the face to face interview it is more possible to get the detailed and direct answers.   Analysing the quantitative data’s the researchers can able to get a clear picture of customer satisfaction and need of improvement, growth of the hospitality business, economic impact of tourism among the local community. In analysing the data’s in quantitative research techniques the researchers uses various types of analysing methods such as Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, time –series regression and input – output method. * The objective method usually applied the analyse the quantitative data’s. It examines the data in scientific method in the prospect of other branches indicated by the methodology. For example analysing the impact of economy and ecology on tourism. The success of the tourism and hospitality industry comes from provision of quality service.For the quality and efficient service lots of information’s are needed the researches over last centuries gave a vast and great knowledge about the strategies for the well structured tourism management.. So it is important to focus on the research to identify the changing trends and make innovative mode to attract the tourist and maintain the attraction for a long term. Various types of researches are essential to gather information’s to solve the issues arises in tourism and hospitality. The private sectors also contributed a significant role in the evaluation of the tourism research.The qualitative research method, quantitative research method and critical theory are most important research methods in tourism research.

An Exploration of the Application of Environmental Ethical Thought to Animal Rights

Introduction The environment is a very essential element to all living organisms, including animals and human beings. It however requires proper care or handling in terms of conservation to ensure sustainability which in turn makes it conducive for growth as well as prosperity of all organisms that depend on it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Exploration of the Application of Environmental Ethical Thought to Animal Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Animal rights on the other hand entails the perception that other animals, apart from human beings, should be accorded the rights they deserve in regard to their interest and what is good for them as opposed to just looking at what interests human beings at the expense of animals’ suffering. It is a concept that has been faced with a lot of controversy with different people having varying views. This piece of work looks at animal rights and the environ ment with much emphasis being given to Polar Bear and the environmental issues that surrounds it for instance global warming and human activities like hunting and pollution. It also looks into the attitudes that people have towards the environment including the values that add force to those attitudes. The impacts of the attitudes and values on the way people treat the environment will also be highlighted. Polar Bear Polar bear is a well known animal. It is ranked as the largest bear and the world’s largest land carnivore and hence so much importance is attached to it, especially in regard to tourism, due to its unique characteristics. Its physical characteristics are an adaption for cold weather and for allowing easy movement across ice, snow as well as open water. They are also known for hunting as a way of getting food to sustain themselves. Polar bears are born on land but spend most of their lifetime at the sea. Like any other kind of animal, the polar bear is dependent on the environment for basic aspects like accommodation and food and any form of disruption of the environment affects it negatively. Polar bears have been classified among the susceptible or endangered species. According to Johnson (2006), approximately eight out of 19 polar bear subdivisions are in the decline and hence at a risk of extinction. This has been linked to numerous factors and activities with the leading one being hunting. For this reason, various steps, laws, control measures and movements have been laid down in an effort to safeguard them and prevent chances of extinction. The impact and scope of the environmental problem There are various environmental problems associated with the existence and development of the polar bear. They include aspects like global warming, deforestation in search of land for settlement and agriculture as well as charcoal burning, pollution and hunting among other environmental issues.   Global warming has become an environmental issue as days pass by and people continue interfering with the natural setting of the environment and its constituents.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It entails the increase in temperatures in the atmosphere. It is mostly fueled by human activities which in one way or the other contribute to production of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere for instance through deforestation and pollution which could be as a result of various emissions for example from industries and vehicles as well as burning of fossil fuels. Global warming is a factor of climate change on the negative side. Adverse climate change affects all living organisms negatively by interfering with their growth and sustainability as it affects aspects such as oxygen circulation in the atmosphere as well as in the seas and oceans, the amount of rainfall received and effects of radiation as a result of destruction of the ozone layer. Global warming affects the existence of the polar bears through the effects it has especially on the oceans and seas, from which the polar bears get food, through hunting. Deforestation is also another environmental issue that affects the polar bears. Being animals that live on land and forests to be specific, the existence of forests and their constituents is a key issue that contributes to their survival. This is through conducive environment offered by the forests as well as accommodation. Just like human beings, polar bears are affected by pollution and its effects. Pollution could take various forms for instance air pollution, water pollution, soil/land pollution as well as noise. Tourism is another aspect that has affected the environment in general and the existence of the polar bears in particular. This is especially where the tourism activities in a given region exceed its capacity limit for instance in terms of the visitors who can visit an area at a time. Thi s leads to over exploitation of the resources that are necessary for sustainability of both the environment and the organisms contained therein. Hunting is nonetheless the major issue that threatens the existence of the polar bear and increases their rate of decline hence leading to their extinction. This is so because hunting has been carried out in large scale to an extent of raising not only local but also international concern and intervention (through controls and quotas) for the sake of conserving the species for the future. Hunting of the polar bear has for a long period of time been a key aspect for the indigenous people in the Arctic region. This is because they have considered polar bear as a very crucial source of significant raw materials which include things such as fur used for clothing and footwear, meat, fat for lighting households as well as for food, sinews and other body parts such as the heart and gallbladder which are manipulated through drying, powdering and pr oper storage and used for medicinal purposes among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Exploration of the Application of Environmental Ethical Thought to Animal Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any measure that is put forth in an effort to either control hunting or avoid it completely has therefore been received negatively and with a lot of resistance.  A good example to illustrate the scope of hunting as an environmental problem that is associated with the polar bear is to look at its nature in Canada and the United States of America. In Canada, it is estimated that approximately 500 polar bears get killed by the people living in the country through hunting each year. This has been linked to the fact that Canada has had very lenient regulations in regard to hunting, giving people a lot of freedom to do what they wish. All in all, this is an alarming number that calls for some actions to be taken if the future of the polar bear species is to be kept at a sustainable level for the sake of both the current period as well as the future. In the United States of America, the situation is not any better. Hunting has been associated with decline in the number of polar bears in this nation. In the year 2008 for example, polar bear was identified as a vulnerable species, an aspect that led to its inclusion in the endangered species Act that governs all species that are deemed to be at a risk of extinction. Following this Act, all activities in relation to polar bears were banned especially importation of polar bear products such as trophies (Hemstock 1999). These examples are enough evidence that hunting is a threat towards the existence and prosperity of polar bear in any given region. This therefore necessitates that strict actions be taken in regard to conservation of the environment through advocating for environmental friendly operations that ensure that none of the parties inv olved, be it the human individuals, the animals or even the ecosystem at large, suffer from the activities that would otherwise be avoided or carried out in an appropriate manner. The nature of the environmental problem Human beings are the major elements that are associated with both the positive and negative impacts on the environment and hence the effects on living organisms that exist in the environment for instance the polar bears. This is through the practices people are involved in, with respect to how they live, work and their general consumption patterns. The increase in population growth for instance has had lots of adverse effects on the environment as it is linked with the encroachment of the marginal areas as the number of people exceed the available land, it also leads to over consumption of natural resources for example the forests as sources of fuel and in the long run leads to pollution due to production of waste products for instance through charcoal burning.Advert ising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lack of dependence on agriculture and shift to other sectors has also led to rural urban migration which affects the environment adversely due to inadequate water and sanitation services, deterioration of transport systems and shortage of appropriate housing facilities. All these factors lead to pollution (air, soil and water) and land degradation. Human modifications to the environment have led to loss of wildlife like the polar bears, acid rains, and the depletion of the ozone layer due to excess pollution and deforestation which destroys biodiversity. Industrialization and modernization in the Arctic have also been deemed to have adverse effects on the environment for instance deterioration of the quality of air caused by the emissions from industries and plants as well as vehicles. The wastes from industries also affect the quality of water because in most cases they are directed to the sources of water such as rivers, seas and oceans. The utilization of fossils as a source of energy has also led to depletion of natural resources and global warming due to greenhouse gases (Gottlieb 2004). Although human beings and their activities is deemed to be the be the main factor associated with the general environment and animals and their rights in particular, as discussed above, the consequences brought about by their actions are far more engaging and they affect a variety of elements including the human beings themselves, the animal species therein as well as the ecosystem in one way or the other. Attitudes and values involved People’s attitudes and values towards polar bear are usually based upon how harmful or beneficial they consider them to be. According to Shellenberger and Nordhaus (2005), the decisions we make in regard to how we handle or rather manage polar bears is dependant upon our attitudes as well as values towards the polar bears. He further asserts that since the polar bears are also associated with some adverse effects towards the huma n kind, there is a need for them to create sufficient benefits to a majority of people as a way of countering these effects.  The issue of animal rights has been faced with a lot of controversy of whether it is justifiable. Although the idea of advocating and maintaining some rights upon animals have been supported by a considerable number of individuals and groups, it has also been criticized negatively with some arguing that animals should not be awarded any rights since they are not able to form any significant social relationships and they have no moral responsibilities or obligations. Criticism also comes from the responsible bodies like the animal rights movement. People also argue that there is absolutely nothing wrong or rather unethical in all processes and activities that are aimed at using animals as resources and neglecting their rights as long as the activities do not cause any unnecessary suffering or pain to the animals and in the same time, they bring considerable benefits to the human kind. Polar bears are known to be very friendly, clam and timid and hence they generally pose no threats to human beings. Their nature has however led to human beings engaging in excessive hunting as they do not consider them to be harmful. It is however evident that most individuals are willing to change their negative attitudes towards the polar bears in an effort to maintain a healthy relationship and more so ensure sustainability of the now scarce species. Recommendations The situation that surrounds the polar bears necessitates that strategic plans and programs are put in place in order to save the situation and avoid further damage. A good recommendation is that there should be campaign and education programs aimed at instilling the importance of conserving the environment among individuals and groups as a means towards reducing the negative effects of human activity on the environment more especially hunting. This will ensure that the people will be enli ghtened and therefore work towards safeguarding the environment for their own good and for the sake of the generations to come. Information of how a healthy and beneficial relationship could be established between people and the polar bears would help greatly in ensuring that people avoid any dangerous activities that could either affect them or the polar bears. Rising awareness play an essential role in changing people’s attitudes and behavior and hence help people to leave safely with the polar bears. Education usually ensure that people have a deeper understanding of the polar bear behavior and ecology, enhance strategies that are aimed towards reduction of human-bear conflicts and more importantly encourage individuals’ tolerance in regard to both the presence of bears as well as their natural behaviors. The ethical aspects associated with animals and their rights should also be emphasized among individuals so that they may be conscious while handling animals to av oid any form of conflict between human beings, the animals, the environment and environmentalists as well as law enforcers. Establishment and implementation of strict and effective laws and policies to govern the utilization of the environment and handling of the polar bears and other animals is also an effective way of safeguarding the environment and animals. This is because people will be held responsible and accountable for their negative contributions towards the environment and treatment of animals hence reducing the chances of degradation and negative interference to the polar bear population. The bylaws and ordinances are usually effective and play a crucial part in reinforcing other measures such as educational programs. This is because they give people an extra obligation and responsibility rather than just acting out of voluntary will (International Institute for Environment Development 2000).  Other ways through which polar bears could be managed in respect to changin g the values and attitudes that people hold towards the environment and treatment of various animals include imposing of strong and effective hunting rules and regulations and relocation among others. To strengthen the above measures, the potentially hazardous encounters and engagements should be dealt with through appropriate processes that include waste management, proper education and enforcement. Waste management is a crucial aspect towards managing polar bear and reducing any form of conflict that exist between human beings and the polar bears. This is so because garbage and poorly disposed litter usually attract the bears an aspect that may create human-bear conflict. People should therefore engage in proper waste management practices for instance ensuring that the containers used for waste disposal are bare-proof. This will ensure that all chances of addiction are avoided and hence keep the bears at a distance, from the human beings. Non lethal measures are also effective esp ecially when used in conjunction with other measures. The non lethal perspective of dealing with human-bear conflicts offer an appropriate management tool since it is able to incorporate a more comprehensive approach (including touching on the perceptions people have towards the environment) and hence offer long term strategy to polar bear management (Ovsyanikov 1998). Conclusion It is evident that the environment is a very critical element. This is because it affects all organisms that are dependent in one way or the other. It is the responsibility of every individual to be involved in activities that are geared towards maintaining a sustainable environment for the sake of the benefits they accrue to it currently as well as what is to be drawn from it in future by them and the future generations. There has been increased concern, by various parties, for aspects of the environment for instance the conservation of biodiversity, the need for public safety as well as damage done on pro perty. Animal rights is a controversial aspect that has raised different ethical concerns in regard to what should be considered to be right or wrong in regard to treatment of animals. Some people state that animals have no right due to their nature of lack of social and moral responsibilities while others still argue that they do deserve to be awarded some rights and any form of unnecessary suffering and pain should be avoided. All in all, it is important that people be aware of the importance they derive from the polar bears and animals in general so that they may learn to handle them with due care in an effort to guarantee sustainability that will in turn ensure that mutual benefits are enjoyed for the longest period of time possible. Reference List Gottlieb, S.R. (2004). The Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment. New York: Routledge Hemstock, A. (1999). The Polar Bear. Minnesota: Capstone Press International Institute for Environment Development (2000). Sustainable Cities Revisited III – 7060iied. United Kingdom: IIED Johnson, J. (2006). Polar Bear. North Mankato, MN: Black Rabbit Books Ovsyanikov, N. (1998).Polar Bears. Minnesota: Voyageur Press Shellenberger, M., Nordhaus, T. (2005). The death of environmentalism: Global warming politics in a post-Environmental world. Social policy, UK: Spring This essay on An Exploration of the Application of Environmental Ethical Thought to Animal Rights was written and submitted by user Sidney Frederick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Study for AP Exams 5-Step Plan

How to Study for AP Exams 5-Step Plan SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Preparing for AP exams can feel like a Sisyphean task. On top of keeping up with the demanding coursework and all your other obligations, you have to prepare for a three-hour, multi-part exam? Yes, you do- butmore importantly, you can! If you don’t know how to study for AP exams, this is the guide for you. I’ll cover all the major steps to AP success, including content review, exam skill-building, and prepping for triumph on test day. 5 Essential Steps to AP Test Preparation Once the school year is underway, it can be easy to get caught up in the whirl of classes and clubs, and completely forget about test prep. And even once you do remember, you might not know how to study for AP tests. Never fear- read on for ourfive-step AP prep plan! Step 1: Establish What You Need to Review/Learn About halfway through the school year is when you’ll want to start studying for AP exams. This is the ideal time since you’ll have plenty of time to prep andwill know enough information to really get into reviewing content. A crucial first step to AP prep is to establish what you need to review or learn for the purposes of the exam.There are a few resources you’ll want to gather in order to do this: Syllabus for your AP class Any of your old tests,quizzes, or papers "AP Course and Exam Description" for the course You can find this last document on the main course page for the class, which you can access onthe College Board’s AP Student list of AP courses.Note that for courses that haven’t been revised in a long time, this is just called the "AP Course Description." This document offersa comprehensive description of the skills and content areas that will be tested on the exam. You’ll want to review, at least on a high level, all the major content areas from your AP course. But since it’s not efficient to try to retain every single piece of information your teacher tells you, your AP prep should be specifically focused on reviewing what you need to know for the exam. Once you have all your documents gathered, compare your class’s syllabus with the AP Course and Exam Description. Your class should cover all the major content areas- the syllabus had to get approved by the College Board, after all! That said, teachers do have some discretion on the specifics of what they can cover within the College Board’s broader structures. By comparing the two documents to see whether there are areas your class syllabus focused on in less (or more) detail than is necessary for the exam, you'll get an idea of what you should target in your own studying. Concepts you covered sparsely in class should be reviewed more closely, whilethings you covered more in-depth might not need to be reviewed as much. Your tests and quizzes are also important in establishing areas you should review. You don’t need to spend as much time reviewing material you got high marks on. By contrast, you should be sure to focus on reviewing content areas for which your test and quiz scores were weaker. The AP Course and Exam Description will also clarify for youwhat exam skills you need to build. Are there free-response math questions? Short answers? Essays? You’ll want to make sure you know how to succeed on all parts of the AP test. So plan to practice working on all question types. In sum, this is what you’ll want to review: Content High-level review of all major content areas of your course/test Focus more on areas where your knowledge is weaker, as determined by your AP quiz and test grades and the AP Course and Exam Description whencompared with your class syllabus Exam Skills Be prepared to answer all question types on the AP exam Student diligentlyreviewing the AP Course and Exam Description (artist's representation). Step 2: Make a Study Plan Once you’ve figured out what you need to review, you'll need tocome up with a review schedule. This doesn’t have to be super specific- you don’t have to know exactly what you are going to cover every single day. But you should have a general idea of what content areas you'll be reviewing and what skills you'll be working on every week leading up to the test. This is another time your class syllabus will come in handy, as you’ll be able to plot out your review schedule in a way that makes sense. You’ll want to review all the major content areas you have covered or will cover in class. But it doesn’t make a lot of sense to review something before your teacher has gone over it! So schedule the things you’re going to learn later for later review. You’ll want to weigh your prep plan more toward content review when you begin to prepare, and thenshift it more toward exam prep asyou get closer to test day. Assuming you're preparing over the course of several months, the first few weeks of your prep schedule should be dedicated almost entirely to reviewing content, and the last few weeks should be dedicated mostly to taking practice exams and doing practice questions. Here’s a sample study plan a studentmight make for the few months leading up to her AP Euro exam: Week Learning in Class Content to Review Prep to Complete 1 Turn of the century Make outlines and flash cards for Renaissance (Italian vs Northern), 100 Years’ War, black plague Look over some old free-response questions and a few sample multiple-choice questions 2 WWI Make outlines and flash cards for Reformation, religious wars Write practice DBQ and get Mr. Smith to score 3 WWI Make outlines and flash cards for Columbus, other explorers, 30 Years’ war Write practice FRQ and get Mr. Smith to score 4 Russian Revolution Make outlines and flash cards for absolutist rulers, agricultural revolution Take complete timed multiple-choice section 5 Between the world wars Make outlines and flash cards for slave trade and colonialism, Enlightenment Work on thesis statements and outlining practice for DBQ 6 WWII Make outlines and flash cards for French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Napoleon Work on thesis statements and outlining practice for FRQ 7 WWII Make outlines and flash cards for Nationalism, Marxism, socialism Practice DBQ and FRQ and get Mr. Smith to score 8 The Cold War Make outlines and flash cards for Western imperialism, WWI Take complete timed multiple-choice section 9 The Cold War Make outlines and flash cards for Russian revolution, between the wars, WWII, Cold War Take complete practice test 10 Post Cold War Review outlines and flashcards Final practice FRQ (timed) In-class review Review outlines and flashcards Final practice DBQ (timed) 12 (test week!) Final review and test prep! Final outline review/flashcards Rest up! See, this business suit lady gets the importance of making a study plan. Step 3: Find Content Review Resources A high-quality review book is your best friend in AP prep. We currently have guides to the best review books for AP Psychology, AP Biology, AP US History and AP Chemistry.Beyond that, The Princeton Review and Barron’s generally make reliable review books for AP tests. Supplemental resources beyond areview book can also be helpful. Your textbook for the course, beyond providing explanations of key concepts, likelyincludespractice questions or tests at the end of each chapter. You can also look for podcasts, watch YouTubevideos, and use websites such as Khan Academy for content review purposes. Another option is tomake your own resources.I can’t recommend Quizletenough. With this website, you can make your own flashcards and then quiz yourself using various tools. You have to make an account to be able to use it, but the service itself is free. Once you’ve amassed all your review tools, you’ll be ready to review content. However, you’ll still need to practice AP exam questions! Be sure to really drill down in your search for high-quality AP resources. Step 4: Find Practice Exams and Questions In addition to content review materials, you’ll want to find practice exams and questions to build specific AP test competencies.The best AP practice questions and tests are those created by the College Board- the group that makes the AP exams. As a result, their materials will be most similar to the real AP test you’ll take in the spring. So where can you find College Board AP resources? In three places: In the AP Course and Exam Description booklet. Remember the AP Course and Exam Description booklet I mentioned above for figuring out what you need to review? It also has sample exam questions (of all types!) in the back. Hurrah! Official free-response questions.The College Board has kindly released free-response questions (and sample responses) from previous testing years. You can get these by going to the College Board’s AP exam information page and clicking on your desired exam; scrolling down from that page will take you to the free-response questions. The College Board also sometimes releases complete exams from past years for free. You can usually find these on the College Board exam overview page for your specific test; however,some of these are hard to find even though they're hosted on the College Board website. If you're having trouble finding tests for your exam, Google the name of your test along with "previously released materials college board" or "complete released exams college board" to find the free exams. For your convenience, here are the previously released materials pages for some of the most popular AP exams: AP English Literature and Composition 2012 Exam 1999 Exam 1987 Exam AP Chemistry 1999 Exam 1994 Exam AP US History 2017 Practice Exam AP Psychology 2012 Exam 1999 Exam 1994 Exam AP Biology 2013 Exam 1999 Exam AP Statistics 2012 Exam 1997 Exam AP Environmental Science 1998 Exam AP Calculus AB Sample 2014 Questions 2012 Exam 1998 Exam 1988 Exam AP US Government and Politics 1999 Exam AP Macroeconomics 2012 Exam 1995 Exam We’ve also gathered some practice question and exam materials for you here: AP World History AP Psychology AP Biology AP Chemistry AP US History AP English Language and Composition AP Human Geography AP English Literature and Composition Step 5: Get to Work and Stay on Schedule Once you’ve gathered all your materials- content review as well as practice questions and tests- it’s time to get to work! How many hours you need to spend on studying for AP tests every week is going to depend a lot on how much material you need to review and how comfortable you are with the format of the exam questions.In general, though, you should expect to study for several hours a week split over two to three sessions. Setting specific times and places for your AP studying will help you stay consistent and keep pace with your review schedule! With good content review and a solid approach to practice exams (more on this later), maintaining a consistent studying pace and schedule will catapult you to exam success. The true path to AP success: the trebuchet. AP Review: 3 General Tips As you review course material in preparation for your AP exam, here are some things to keep in mind. #1: Be Aware Of Your Own Learning Style Focus on review methods that work for you and not against you. If you’re a visual learner, don’t force yourself to listen to recorded lectures; draw diagrams or mind maps instead. Or if you’re an auditory learner, find podcasts and audio booksto listen to for concept review. #2: Review Material More Than Once It’s generally accepted that you need to encounter a piece of information several times before you really start to retain it. Therefore, plan to review essential information for the test more than once. The more important it is, the more times you should go over it. #3: Engage With the Material The more you interact with the material you're studying, the better you’ll retain it. If you can do some kind of activity with the information- such as practice problems, outline-writing, flashcard-making, etc.- you'll be able to remember it better. Not this kind of engagement! How to Make the Most Of AP Practice Tests Since College Board AP practice tests and resources are limited, you want to make sure you make the most of them.Here are my top three tips for how to do this effectively: #1: Take an Entire Practice Exam Under AP Test Conditions It will be a huge help for you to take an entire practice test under actual AP-like conditions. So with a timer, in a quiet room, with short breaks- the whole nine yards. If you only have one complete practice test you can use, do this toward the end of your prep time (maybe a few weeks before the test), when you’ve reviewed most of the content already. This will help you get a feel for what the actual test day will be like. And themore comfortable you feel, the better you'll do on the exam! #2: Track Your Progress If you have access to more than one complete practice test, it’s a good idea to also take a practice test toward the beginning of your prep timeso you can figure out what areas you need to work on the most.This will give you a rough benchmark of where you're starting, so then when you take another practice test toward the end of your prep, you’ll be able to see how you’ve improved! #3: Prep for Individual Sections Apart from complete practice tests, practice questions serve as great prep for individual parts of the AP test. Because the College Board has released so many free-response questions, you can practice those over and over again. You don’t necessarily have to do a complete, timed essay every time, although you should practice that. You can also practice outlining your essays or even writing thesis statements for prompts. Work specifically on the skills you need to build. In addition, be sure to look over practice multiple-choice questions closely so you can get a sense of the feel and format of AP multiple-choice questions. Make like an astronaut and prepare for everything! Critical Test-Taking Tips for AP Exam Day When test time arrives, you’ll want to maximize your study time investment with positive test-taking strategies.Here are my top tips to remember for test day: Before Your AP Test Get a good night’s sleep the two nights before the exam.This will help you stay alert and remember everything you’ve studied. Pack your bag for test day the night before. You don’t want to stress yourself out running around looking for your calculator five minutes before the bus comes on exam day. Be sure to also pack a snack and water- you can’t have them during the test, but you’ll appreciate the nourishment during the break! Eat breakfast the morning of your test.Again, you want your brain to be running at full power. Try to stick with a balanced meal that isn't too sugary. Bring lotsand lots of pencils and erasers. The College Board requires #2 pencils on exam day, so don't forget to bring a bunch. Also, bring a good eraser for back-ups and mishaps. During Your AP Test Pace yourself.You’ll be under time pressure for every section, so make sure you knowwhat pace you need to be working at. Periodically check that you're on pace. You can (and should) bring a watch, just so long as it doesn’t beep or have an alarm. Maintain positive self-talk throughout the exam. If there’s something you don’t know, don’t waste time beating yourself up about it. Just keep telling yourself that you are awesome and will crush the rest of the test. Don’t get hung up on a question you’re stuck on. This is true even on the free-response section- move on to the second essay if you’re getting stuck on the first. If you try to break through a mental block full-on, you might end up running out of time. Answer every question- there’s no penalty for guessing! Go through the ones that you know first, and then go back over the test and answer any remaining questions in the time you have left. With all these best test-taking practices, you'll be set up to succeed on your AP test, guaranteed! Don't neglect this critical aspect of test day (bananas optional). How to Prepare for AP Tests: Key Takeaways The AP prep process can be overwhelming. To lend you a hand, though, I'vesummarized how to study AP examsinto digestible steps below. Choose an AP Exam Figure out which classes your school offers and which fit into your schedule. Consider your interests and abilities. Consider how much time you’ll have for studying. Prepare for the Test Establish ways you need to review/learn. Make a study plan. Find content review resources. Find (official) practice questions and tests. Get to work and stay on schedule! AP Content Review Tips Be mindful of your own learning style. Review things more than once. Engage with the material! AP Practice Exam Tips Take at least one complete practice exam under full test-day-like conditions- and do this more than once if there is more than one practice test available to you. Practice individual exam sections, especially free response, to work on skills for those specific sections. Look closely at all sections to ensure you're familiar with the way AP questions are worded! AP Test-Taking Tips Do all the usual best test practices- get a good night’s sleep, eat breakfast, pack your bag the night before, and bring extra pencils. Pace yourself and stay on track. Think positive! Don’t get hung up on a single question- it you find yourself stuck, skip it and come back. Answer every question- there’s no penalty for guessing! Ultimately, just remember thatbreaking down the AP into little steps will make it manageable for you to scale the whole AP mountain! AP Mountain (artist's rendition). What's Next? Looking for more information about your AP exam? We've got expert guides to AP US History, AP Chemistry, and AP Psychology. If your AP exam has a DBQ, check out my total overview of the DBQandmy how-to DBQ essay guide. Looking for AP exam resources? Check out our guide to finding quality AP practice tests. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How did Ronald Reagan deal with the end of the Cold War Do you think Assignment

How did Ronald Reagan deal with the end of the Cold War Do you think he and Mikhail Gorbachev were partners or opponents - Assignment Example The SDI had lasers and other expertise to wipe out Soviet missiles in USA which lead to huge economic crisis in Soviet Union (D’Souza). The alarming situation of Soviet Union during the end of 1987 was the main reason for the Cold War to end. Mikhail Gorbachev took many reforms and policies to end the Cold War rivalry. His opinions were opposite to Reagan and followed the policies of Stalin. A summit was held in 1986 where Reagan and Gorbachev could not reach any negotiation due to difference in their agreements over missile defence (D’Souza). Later in 1987, new arms treaty was signed between USA and Soviet Union. The main focus of the treaty was to eliminate intermediate range nuclear force from Europe. This was done to reduce the nuclear attacks, collection of weapons and develop peace between the nations. The summit of 1987 addressed on eliminating nuclear forces and use of nuclear powers during war. Regan, Ronald, Cold War, Reference Library, Vol. 4, 2004, Web. August 4, 2014 from:

RFID and the safety concerns of consumers Essay

RFID and the safety concerns of consumers - Essay Example RFID systems are also faster and more secure than other Auto-ID technologies. Even though RFID tags were invented in 1969 and patented in 1973, the technology is now becoming technologically and commercially viable (Brito, 2005). Understanding the RFID devices and how they work is critical for analyzing privacy issues that surround this technology. The main components of an RFID system are a chip/tag, reader, and database. A reader scans the tag for data and sends the information to a database, which stores the data contained on the tag. The chip or the tag is usually made of silicon and it contains information about the item to which it is attached. A chip is used by retailers and manufacturers to identify consumer goods that may contain an Electronic Product Code (â€Å"EPC†). EPC chips are encrypted with a unique product code that identifies the individual product to which it is attached, and can be read using radio frequency. These codes contain the type of data that product manufacturers and retailers will use to track the authenticity and location of goods throughout the supply chain. RFID chip may also contain information other than an EPC, such as biometric data. The antenna attached to the chip is responsible for transmitting information to the reader, using radio waves. Generally, the bigger the antenna, the longer the read range. The chip and antenna together is referred to as a transponder or, more commonly, as a tag. The reader (or scanning device) also has its own antenna, which it uses to communicate with the tag. Readers vary in size, weight, and power, and may be mobile or stationary. Although anyone with access to the proper reader can scan an RFID tag, RFID systems can employ authentication and encryption to prevent unauthorized reading of data. A reader can scan a tag without physically â€Å"seeing† it. Further, RFID readers can process multiple items at one time, resulting in a

The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three Dissertation

The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three year period - Dissertation Example The company ranked within the Top 20 of all the online businesses. In the category of fashion clothing, footwear, jewelry, and accessories, ASOS has claimed the number 1 spot and now believes itself to have no competitor. Most probably, the management means that the other companies have stores while ASOS does not maintain stores. The organization is guided by its desire to give importance to people and the environment. To achieve acceptable working standards towards providing quality consumer goods, ASOS joined ETI or Ethical Trade Initiative, a business alliance of trade unions, and NGOs (non-government organizations) that try to improve people’s lives. It has its own â€Å"ASOS Ethical Code of Conduct†. (See appended key principles in Exhibit I) The economy is presently still recovering from the effects of recession after two years. ASOS is one of those corporations based in the UK that faced a great challenge against the recession, except for one big difference. As o f April 13, 2011, this fashion retailer which operates online far exceeded the performance of UK in terms of recovery from the economic recession. â€Å"In the three months to the end of March, international sales rose 161% to ?48.4 million compared with a year ago.UK sales were up 24% to ?44.9 million.† according to BBC (2011b). ... This provides an opportunity to utilize Financial Accounting tools and the Qualitative Techniques for a careful analysis of the business operations in order to discover how the company performed its business operations. It helps to identify the various sources of funding the business has used and its ability to takeout any more loans, the costs it’s incurring and its returns. It also allows to assess the risks involved in its operation and to make an estimate for its future performance. It will be a challenge to unravel the mystery of ASOS performance. There was no news about how the company arrived at an excellent result of operations. But there were praises. First of all, the company Annual Reports are available online. Secondly, this is a modern way of doing business in the fashion clothing industry, because most retailers are selling mostly through departments stores opened in many countries, while ASOS focuses more on online fashion retailing. Knowing more about financial management for such operations will add more education and insights for the eventual readers of this formal paper. Studying the financial data, strategies, and other aspects surrounding the business of ASOS will also lead to discoveries about the risks involved, the opportunities of investing by buying stocks of ASOS in the near future, and factors or indicators about the prospects of good or bad future performance. Finally, this kind of business is new to most people. The hope is that by analyzing the available information, something new will be added to the field of knowledge. 1.2 Project objectives The objectives are: To be able to review and analyze the Annual Reports using the qualitative and

History of perodua analysis

History of perodua analysis Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn Bhd (PERODUA), established in 1993. In Malaysia Perodua is second automobile manufacturer which after Proton. It is a joint venture company between Malaysian and Japanese. The shareholders of Perodua are UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd 38%, MBM Resources Berhad 20%, Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd 20%, PNB Equity Resource Corporation Sdn Berhad 10%, Daihatsu (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd 5%, Mitsui Co. Ltd 4.2% and Mitsui Co, (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd 2.8% (Corporate Information n.d). Perodua does not contend with Proton for the similar market niche because Perodua mostly produce small-compact cars. Since end of 2009, Perodua has sold some 1.67 million units of vehicle of a variety of models. Perodua also sell overseas their cars to UK, Singapore, Brunei, Fiji, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 1.2 Background of Perodua Perodua is located on a 138-hectare site in Sungai Choh, Rawang, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Besides, in the year of 2001, Perodua Auto Corporation Sdn Bhd (PCSB) was established in the final quarter year. Furthermore, there are also another two joint venture partners of PCBS from Japan which are Daihatsu Motor.Co.Ldt. and Mitsui Co. Ltd. The PCBS are being managed the manufacturing operations of the Perodua Group (Corporate Information, 2010). 1.3 Mission and Vision 1.3.1 Mission Perodua mission is to Professionalism in all our operations Efficiency in utilizing technologies and available resources Resilience in meeting our challenges Optimizing benefits to customers and stakeholders Dedication towards social responsibility to community, the environment and development of competent workforce Uniqueness in our products Aspiration to glorify the name of PERODUA 1.3.2 Vision The vision of Perodua is to be the most preferred automotive brand renowned for products and services of excellent quality which contributes to the development of the nation. 1.4 Product Milestone Below is the list of the vehicle that Perodua produce: The Perodua Kancil-August 1994 The Perodua Rusa March 1996 The Perodua Kembara August 1998 The Perodua Kenari   June 2000 The Perodua Kelisa August 2001 The Perodua Myvi May 2005 The Perodua Viva   May 2007 The Perodua Nautica 4WD May 2008 The Perodua Alza November 2009 (Corporate Information, 2010) 2.0 Analysis of Market Environment Factors that Affect this Company For a company it is very necessary to have updated date and to have a close watch and to assess the ever changing environment around them. There are 2 types of environment and there are Micro Environment and Macro Environment (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1 The Micro Environment The close forces to the company that have effect on its capability to get the goods successfully to the customer. While for the micro environment consists of 6 factors (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.1 Customer Customer can be divided into 5 types of markets to get a better idea on them which are: 2.1.1 (a) Consumer Market The person who buys the product for consumption is called the consumer market (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua Company comes with varies vehicles that can attract buyers especially these who want an affordable yet efficient vehicle. The company mostly targets on individuals or families who want to buy quality car at a premium as Perodua Company sets up the prices that are reasonable and affordable by most consumers. Perodua Myvi is product on May 2005 by Perodua Company which is one of the examples for individual or family use. 2.1.1 (b) Business Market The companies which buy goods and services are to be used in the production id other goods (Pride.et.al, 2007). For instance, Perodua Company buys the parts from other countries but the assembling is done in Malaysia. 2.1.1(c) Reseller Market The companies that purchases the goods or services and resell the product without making any changes to it (Pride.et.al, 2007). For examples, Perodua dealers get the product from the main company and finally distribute to them without making any changes of the cars. 2.1.1 (d) Government Market For government market they may purchase it to be used it in the production of goods and services (Pride.et.al, 2007). For example, the model of Perodua Myvi, Perodua Kancil, Perodua Viva are provided to the government for the use of National Parade Day. 2.1.1 (e) International Market The products used for the use of the government to carry on with the government duties (Pride.et.al, 2007). For international market, Perodua Myvi purchases for the overseas market such as United Kingdom, Singapore, Brunei, Fiji, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 2.1.2 Company This segment is about the togetherness which should be there among all departments so that the product will be delivered to the customer in the desired time. This process will be an incomplete process if there are disagreements between departments, which will result in a delay of not delivering the product to the customer on time (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.3 Competitors There are two types of competitors that will affect the sales of Perodua Company which are direct and in direct competitors. 2.1.3 (a) Direct Competitors The companies which manufacture the same products within the same industry (Pride.et.al, 2007). For instance, Suzuki, Toyota and Proton are Perodua Companys direct competitors as the companies sell similar types of vehicles within the same industry. 2.1.3(b) Indirect Competitors Indirect competitors mean that when any company which competes for the same customer dollar (Pride.et.al, 2007). The indirect competitors for Perodua will be Toyota, Proton, Naza, Honda, BMW, and Mercedes. This is because they are also produce cars and they are also competing for the consumer dollars (Corporate Information, 2009). 2.1.4 Suppliers Suppliers could be defined as those who supply the necessary parts to build the product. The supplier influences the quality and delivery of the ended product. Suppliers should be from a reliable source and should be consistent at an arms reach (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.5 Marketing Intermediaries Marketing Intermediaries is also known as the middle man. The mediating is usually done by a company in order to distribute or promote goods to the customer (Pride.et.al, 2007). The sales Manager stated that Giga Shipping Company transports all the Perodua Products worldwide. There is also a trailer company which provides trailer service to transport products around Malaysia (Personal Development Leadership, n.d). Besides marketing intermediaries, mediating can also be financially. As an example, EON bank, RHB Bank, Islam Bank act as a mediator in order to promote Peroduas cars. These companies provide a loan system so that the customers could have a minimum payment monthly and enjoy the same benefits of a comfortable car. 2.1.6 Publics Publics could be defined as a crowd of people who have an interest in a company and also who make an impact to an organization to achieve its objectives. Moreover, a company will take this consideration and try building up relationships and also offer helpfulness to these groups. There are the 7 types of publics such as local, media, citizen action, government, general, internal and financial (Pride.et.al, 2007). 2.1.6 (a) Local A community relations officer is appointed by the company to be present at meetings with the local publics (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua Myvi customer are eligible to join the club via (http://www.myviclub.com/). There is a public relations officer is appointed from Perodua Company regarding this club. On the other hand, the officer also can meet with the customer and makes interaction with the customer. 2.1.6 (b) Financial The company issues an annual publication which is the annual report which also includes the financial statements in the company. The shareholders were given by the company (Pride.et.al, 2007). All the Perodua Company share holders receive the annual report of the company in order to keep the shareholders informed about the financial status of the company (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.1.6 (c) Media Media can be described as a company would promote their product more with a positively media coverage (Pride.et.al, 2007). For example, Perodua Company promotes Perodua Myvi on television advertisements. The official advertisement is telecasted on television. Also, they also advertise the product on the World Wide Web (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.1.6 (d) General The general publics view in the company is called general (Pride.et.al, 2007). Through our research, most of the customer would like to view on the Perodua Company. Hence, positive or negative, it is basically what the customer thinks about the company. 2.2 Macro Environment The societal forces that influence the organizations ability to provide the customers are called macro environment factors which are 6 factors. 2.2.1 Political Legal The legislation and laws which influences the industry, marketers should be on watch out of the laws which can involve the company in the future (Pride.et.al, 2007). Since Perodua Company is fully owned by the government of Malaysia, the tax is already included in the price of the vehicle. Therefore, the government gets a sum of charges (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.2.2 Economic Environment The Economic environment investigates the disposable income levels. In addition, the economic conditions include the business cycle, inflation, interest rate and inflations rates (Pride.et.at, 2007). 2.2.2(a) Inflation Rate 2.2.3 Technological Environment 2.2.4 Demographic 2.2.5 Cultural 2.3 How the Company faces Threats and how they convert them to Opportunity The SWOT analysis is known as the tool to asses a companys Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats. Strength and Weakness are known as internal factors while Opportunity and Threats are known as the positive conditions which could bring plunder to the company if acted in the necessary way. For Threats, it can be defined as the barriers which prevent the Company from reaching the companys objectives. When a company puts out a new product, there could be threats which come the companys way. Then the company should be ready with a defensive strategy to stand up against the threat and that strategy is known as Opportunity (Pride.et.at, 2007). After the release of Perodua Myvi, the company has faced several threats. So, to get rid of these threats of Perodua Company, Perodua Company came made that threats into opportunity by making up a strategic plan (Corporate Information, 2010). 2.3.1 The Entry to the Domestic Market The entrance of Perodua to the market was in the year of 1993 and it also result a massive change in the industry. Nissan and Toyota were dominating the market which result Perodua getting a small slice in the market. And Perodua got a boost because Indonesia. This is because they tend to sell about 500 Perodua Myvi cars in a month (paultan.org, 2010). 2.3.2 The Support Since Perodua was quite new to the domestic market, as mentioned previously there was also because of Indonesia. As a result of this undertaking of Indonesia, the workforce of Perodua was sent to Japan for a special training to learn more about engineering skills and assembling skills. This opportunity could be known as a Human Resource 2.3.3 The Competitors Perodua is known as the second National Car producer in Malaysia which is after Proton Company. But, the competitors to Perodua are from the domestic Market as well as the International Market. The Domestic competitors are named as Proton and Naza while the competitors from the international market are Toyota, BMW and Mercedes. Through these competitors are threats to the company, Peroduas strategic plan has kept them as the best car in the Malaysia up-to-date. Besides, Perodua Company is always on the watch out of product life cycle. So, if any company comes out with any new model, Perodua will try to modify the existing model or trying to put out a new model. All in all, company will always want to produce products according to customer trends and not company trends. If the company produces according to the company trends then the sales can go down. But, if the company acts according to the customer trends there can be good sales. 3.0 Target Market 3.1 Target Customer Characteristics Target market involves dividing a market into segments and then concentrating on marketing products on one or a few key segments (Pride.et.al, 2007). The target market of Perodua Myvi is segmented by demographic consumer such as the businessman who likes to work and it is convenient to them. Therefore, the comfort of the passenger is the main target. Also, the vehicle price of Perodua Myvi is affordable and reasonable for the customers which fulfill their demands too. Furthermore, the first target market strategy used is differentiated marketing. Differentiated market is the organization selects several market segments and designs different marketing mixes for each segment (Pride.et.al, 2007). The Perodua Company has used different strategy to attract different customers. Therefore, the Perodua Company offered the other vehicles for its different target segments to meet the customer demands. Some of the customers are looking for more convenient cars such as Perodua Viva while customers with big family would like to choose Perodua Alza. Another target market strategy used is undifferentiated marketing. The marketing mix, which are the 4Ps are the organization at the whole market. Besides, the organizations also used to avoid other segments from existing, the organization chooses to mass market (Pride.et.al, 2007). For example, 30 September of 2009, Citibank credit card deals have organized Perodua Myvi 10X rewards points Easy Pay Campaign. This is use to the customer can make a down payment by using the Citibank credit card and enjoy 0% interest on the customer down payment and 10X rewards point (Citibank Perodua Myvi 10X Rewards Points Easy Pay Campaign, 2009). While for the last target market strategy used is concentrated marketing. There are one or two segments will be selected by the company and a marketing mix for these few segments will be proposed (Pride.et.al, 2007). Therefore, the aim of Perodua Company use concentrated marketing strategy is not to maximize sales; it is efficiency, attracting a large portion of once section while controlling costs. 4.0 Product 4.1 Product Lines that are offered A product line is viewed as a unit because of marketing, technical or for end-use considerations, by groups of closely related product items (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua have released many models of Myvi to suit the different taste of the customers. Firstly, there is the original Myvi and now comes with another two different versions which is the Myvi SE and the Myvi EE (Exclusive Edition). Each of these models comes with a different pricing and specifications. 4.2 Core, Actual and Augmented When purchasing tangible product, the buyer will not only obtain the product itself, but also all the extra things that come together with the product. This is also known as total product. The total product of the item can be separated into three categories which are the core product, actual product and augmented product. 4.2.1 Core Product Core products are the essential benefits that the buyer want when purchasing the product. The actual benefit that the buyers get when purchasing a Perodua Myvi is transportation. Buying a Perodua Myvi allows the buyer can move around in a vehicle without depending on public transport. This allows the buyer to be able to travel to any destination at any time without relying on the rigid time frame of a public transport. 4.2.2 Actual Product Actual products are the fundamental expectation of the buyer of the product (Pride.et.al, 2007). The consumers most basic expectations from buying a Perodua Myvi are the style and design of the car. In the Perodua official website it is stated that the design of Perodua Myvi is a mix of classy and sporty characteristic (Perodua 2009). Besides that, there are many colours for the buyer to customize the Perodua Myvi to suit the their taste. The engine of Perodua is also manufactured in Japan by Daihatsu. The Perodua Myvi is also known to be more fuel efficient as compared to other cars sold in the market. It is said that Perodua Myvi Auto uses around 13.5 km per litre and the Perodua Myvi manual is clocked at approximately 17.1km per litre of petrol (Tan, P 2009). The Perodua Myvi is readily built with air-conditioner and entertainment system with the latest audio technology like mp3 and a USB reader (Perodua 2009). The consumer can have the option of the transmission of the car to be automatic or manual. To prevent the car from being stolen, Perodua Myvi is equipped with a security system which includes an engine immobiliser. The only way to unlock the immobilizer to start the car is by using the owners car keys. As a result, if somebody breaks into the car, they wont be able start the car by using duplicated keys or by tampering with the wires. 4.2.3 Augmented Product The augmented products are the additional services the consumer will receive when buying the product. The augmented product of buying a Perodua Myvi is that it easier to apply for a loan compared to other imported cars because it is a national car. Besides that, Perodua provide services like parts replacement and repair at their service centre. The spare parts of Perodua Myvi are also easily available compared to imported cars. Other than that, Perodua also provide an extended warranty service for free (Perodua, 2009). 4.3 Branding, Packaging, Labeling, Warranty, Customer Service 4.3.1 Branding (Shenron, 2009) Branding is a blend of a term, sign, name, symbol or design which is used to recognize and distinguish products and companies (Pride.et.al, 2007). Perodua has a small car like Myvi with a big future. Hence, Malaysias leading compact carmaker is always taken by Perodua. Besides, their management team still not really satisfied with their position at the top and their research and development facilities have given the most critical activity, innovation in design and creative engineering methods. Nowadays, Perodua is now able to deliver more stylish, unique, and cars with an attractive price to their consumers. This new brand statement, Building Cars, People First, is Peroduas new visual identity (Interbrand, 2010). Perodua expects to manage all their customers in harmony with their guiding vision. Besides, Perodua was at the position of seventh most valuable Malaysia brand in Interbrands 2007 survey and it looks set to continue get build up and enhance. This shows that Perodua try their very best to respond their customer satisfactory. 4.3.2 Warranties and Customer Services Perodua Company consists of customer service which is known as smart assist. In the even of a breakdown, members can call the toll free number: 1-800-88-5555. The call centre will dispatch a rescue team to the location of the vehicle. This service is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Besides, all the customer service agents practice a friendly, thoughtful, humble and committed routine to give their customers very best service. Furthermore, 1-hour Superservis also provided and this service is a speedy service package that comes with a money-back guarantee once the customers car is not serviced in one hour. While for the warranty period, Perodua Company has given 3-year/100,000km manufacturers warranty. For the extended warranty is plus 3-year/75,000km. ETP is stand for Extended Warranty Programme which is an extension of the Basic Warranty Coverage that comes with your Perodua by giving the customer an additional coverage period (Perodua, 2010). 4.3.3 Product life Cycle Product life cycle can be defined as progression of a product through development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline stage. 4.3.3 (a) Development Product development is the incubation stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the firm prepares to introduce the product. 4.3.3 (b) Introduction In introduction stage, the product has just appeared in the market with the company having little profit or the negative profit as there is only little consumer awareness on the product. In this stage, the company increases the awareness of the public about the product through promotion or advertising. The Perodua Myvi is marketed to the public through local mediums such as newspapers, radio and television. 4.3.3 (c) Growth During the growth stage, sales start to increase rapidly but the promotion costs are still high due to increasing consumer awareness thru advertising and etc. The growth stage is critical to a products survival because competitive reactions to the products success during this period will influence the products life expectancy. The profits begin to decline late in this stage as other car competitors enter the market with their own cars to compete with the Perodua Myvi. 4.3.3 (d) Maturity During maturity stage, the sale curve peaks as there are maximum sales and production efficiencies lead to maximum profits occurring in this stage. In this stage, the company will want to maintain the sales on the product. In keeping the maturity stage going for as long as possible, the company reintroduces the Perodua Myvi with versions and will also have a facelift. Example of this is the introduction of the Perodua Myvi SE to the market. 4.3.3 (e) Decline In the final stage, which is the decline stage, the sales will fall rapidly. This is because the sales and profits of the product decline. Therefore, the company needs to determine whether to retain or drop the product. The current Perodua Myvi is in a decline stage but is still doing well in the market as it is ranked the top selling car in the country in the compact segment for the third year running in the assessment conducted by J.D. Power Asia Pacific, therefore leading the Perodua Company to continue the production of the car. The graph above illustrates how the product life cycle of Perodua Myvi has reached the maturity stage where the company is making maximum profit from the sales of its product that is the Perodua Myvi. (Managing Products and Brand, n.d). 5.0 Pricing Price is the value exchanged for product in a marketing transaction but price is not always money (Pride.et.al, 2007). There are some pricing strategies that use in Perodua Myvi product. For example, optional product-pricing, psychological pricing and geographical pricing. The optional product-pricing is the pricing the accessory sold with the main product. For instance, car sells with the air-conditioning. While for the psychological pricing is the price set reflects the psychology of pricing and not just the costs. For example, $45900 instead of $46000. Lastly the Perodua company also use the geographical pricing strategies in the Perodua Myvi product. The geographical pricing is pricing products to customers in different parts of the country such as FOB (free on board) and Zone pricing. FOB means that the customers need to pay the freighter fee from the carrier to the final destination and zone pricing is the company set up one zones, the customer in the more distant zones (Pride. et.al, 2007). 5.1 Optional Product Pricing Type of carsThe Perodua Company uses the optional pricing in the Perodua Myvi product, which is the pricing the accessory sold with the main product. The Perodua Myvi is divided into eight type, Myvi 1.0L SR, Myvi 1.3L SX, Myvi 1.3L EZ, Myvi 1.3L SXi, Myvi 1.3L EZi, Myvi SE GHS, Myvi SE ZHS and Myvi 1.3 ZHL. The different accessory of Myvi contains different prices. The different prices are as shown in the table below: (Based on the price listed given in the catalogue) Colour Solid Metallic SMET Myvi 1.0L SR RM 40,721.80 RM41,240.20 Myvi 1.3L SX RM 45,450.20 RM 45,925.20 RM 46,325.20 Myvi 1.3L EZ RM 48,425.50 RM 48,900.20 RM 49300.20 Myvi 1.3L SXi RM48,225.50 RM48,700.20 RM49,100.20 Myvi 1.3L EZi RM 51,240.30 RM 51,700.20 RM52,100.20 Myvi SE GHS RM 51,926.00 RM52,401.00 RM52818.20 Myvi SE ZHS RM 54,940.00 RM 55,426.00 RM 55,826.00 Myvi 1.3 ZHL RM 51,000.00 RM 53,500.20 5.2 Psychological Pricing The psychological pricing is the price set reflects the psychology of pricing and not just the cost. It is also apply in the Perodua Myvi product. Example: (Based on the price list given the catalogue) Myvi 1.3L EZ (solid) RM 48,425.50 Myvi 1.3L EZ (Metallic) RM 48,900.20 Myvi 1.3L EZ (SMET) RM 49300.20 5.3 Geographical Pricing The geographical pricing is the pricing products to customers in different parts of the country. The Perodua Myvi contains different prices according at the different country or different zone. Example (Based on the price list given in the catalogue) The Perodua Myvis Price in Malaysia (1.3L EZi) The Perodua Myvis price in UK (1.3 EZi) RM 52,240.30  £7,499 In the table above shown that the Perodua price in United Kingdom is cheaper once the price convert to Malaysia dollars. The reason Perodua Myvis price in UK is more expensive than Malaysia is because of the sales tax in under vehicle pricing and special interest rate is included (Perodua-uk.com, n.d) 6.0 Distribution According to Perodua Company, there are many branches in Kuching such as at Satok Parade, Jalan Matang and others. The location of Perodua Company can be easily found in Kuching. On the other hand, the Perodua Company also has branches at the overseas country such as in United Kingdom. The Channel organization that is used by the Perodua Company is shown below: 6.1 Conventional Channels The Conventional channels consist of independent producers, wholesalers and retailers. They are all self business which are trying to maximize own profit (Pride.et.al, 2007). 6.2 Vertical Marketing Channels For the vertical marketing channels, the channel members work in a group rather than individually. It is either one who owns the others or they are in contract with each other or has so much power that they all corporate (Pride.et.al, 2007). 6.3 Horizontal Marketing System It is an arrangement with two or more companies at the same level linked together to follow a marketing chance (Pride.et.al, 2007). 7.0 Promotion 7.1 Promotion Goals Promotion is communication by marketers that informs, persuades and reminds potential buyers of a product in order to influence an opinion or to get a response. While inform is a communication used to increase understanding of new brand, or a new product. The company explain how the products function, and recommend the new application for product. The other goals of promotion, persuade the customer to buy now. Finally, remind is a task of retaining the customer knowledge and to call attention to the customers about the importance of the products for they might be used in the future (Pride.et.al, 2007). The promotion goal of Perodua Company in the Perodua Myvi product is inform. Perodua Myvi is still the good selling product in the market. It is convenient and suitable for businessman but also good for small family. In addition, Perodua Company gave information about the Perodua Myvi to society by using several methods, such as brochures, internet advertising through Perodua official websites, road show and many more (Pride.et.al, 2007). 7.2 Promotion Tools To communicate with individuals, groups and organisations, various promotional tactics have been used by Perodua. When Perodua merges specific plans used to manage the integrated marketing communications for Perodua Myvi, that combinations form the promotion mix for Perodua Myvi. Advertisement, personal selling and sales promotion some of the elements of promotion mix. The elements of the marketing communications mix Sources from: (Dolak,D 2009) The main promotion mix used by Perodua in promoting Perodua Myvi is advertisement. Advertisement is the activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media (advertising, 2010). Advertisements used by Perodua are television, the internet, newspapers and prints. The benefit of using advertisement is that it can cover a wide range of audience but is very costly. Personal selling is defined as oral communication with potential buyers of a product with the intention of making a sale (promotion-personal selling, n.d). The advantage of this that it can influence the customer more compare to advertisement. The disadvantage is that it depends on the attitude and the skilfulness of the salesperson to convince the customer. Perodua Myvi is sold through direct selling which is face-to-face by using a sales person. The sales person who does not directly work for the company mostly can lower the price of Perodua Myvi to attract customers. This is because they can deduct the price using their commission. While buying from salesperson at the showroom is more convenient as everything is handled by them and also the quality of the service is much better. Sales promotion refers to many kinds of incentives and techniques directed towards consumers and traders with the intention to produce immediate or short-term sales effects (Definition of Sales Promotion, 2010). Perodua have created many sales promotions to aid in the sales of Perodua Myvi such as the scrapping programme which was scheduled on 1 April 2009. This promotion allows customers to trade-in their old car for a reduction of RM5000 off any Perodua cars (Perodua 2009). Another sales promotion is customers can buy a Perodua Myvi on loan for RM347 a month for the first 5 years. If they booked and registered a Myvi from 13 June to 31 July 2009, the customer is entitled to join their contest. 7.3 Communication Process The communication process is a process whereby the sender is marketing their product to the receiver who is the public and except some feedback from them. Interference in this process which prevents the message being conveyed to the receiver is called noise. One of the noises that can affect Perodua promotion is competitors message. Other automobile companies will also have their own promotions to attract customers. They will always try to convince the customers in believing that their product is better than the rest. When P