Nature-Versus-Nurture Discussion

Annie Murphy Paul’s article `Kid stuff: Do parents really matter?` outlines the findings of a highly controversial study on the role of nature and nurture in children’s education. The article states that a group of researchers from George Washington University and the Institute of Psychiatry in London have found that the role of parents is in fact much smaller than originally thought. The destiny of a child depends on the genetic makeup that in turn evokes responses from the environment. Parental influences can have little effect on the child’s temperament. The type of temperament (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic, or their combination) is inborn and does not allow of serious later influences. Parents can shape the child’s character, instilling certain cultural values and norms, but they can hardly be expected to a serious influence on the temperament. Related essay: Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Answers Overall, the study covered in Annie Murphy Paul’s article (1998) attributes more importance to the so-called â€Å"evocative gene-environment correlations†. She states that these correlations include responses from the environment to a certain genetic composition. This means that a person is in a way â€Å"asking† for destiny, using the pre-determined factors to trigger an environmental reaction. Parents under such a perspective only have influence inasmuch they are prompting this reaction, and in the degree their responses can define a child’s development. In this respect, it would be interesting to consider parental influences on adopted children. In such families, the genetic makeup of parents and kids is completely unrelated, and the effect of genetics could be even greater. The role of parents in any case can consist in mitigating the negative manifestations of the child’s genetic heritage. The more parents can learn about the child’s genetics, the better they can be prepared to develop the child in the right way. Reference Paul, A.M. (1998, February). Kid stuff: Do parents really matter? Psychology Today 31(1), pp. 46-51.   

Trip to Karachi

Last winter we, a group of ten student, went to Karachi. Our collage had arranged this tour. Our professor. Mr.. Name Hosannas, was in charge of the party. All of us had looked forward to this tour. We had not seen Karachi, but had heard from people that it was a wonderful city. In particular we were very eager to sue the ocean. It was the 25th of December. When we left Lahore by train. The journey was long. The winter was more severe than usual. But we were happy, and the long. Slow Journey did not dampen our high spirits. Next daddy reached Karachi late in the afternoon.We went draught to the boy scouts hostel on the new queens road where we had arranged to stay. One our way to the hostel. We had our first view of Karachi. The very first thing we noticed was that the road were very wide. The traffic was much greater than that we had seen In Lahore. The number of cars we saw on the roads Indicated the prosperity of the city. The building were really palatial. On reaching the hostel we felt tired. We decided to spend the evening quietly in our rooms. Next day, early in the morning, we began our tour of the city. First of all we went to the Mazda of our beloved leader, Squad ?I-Gamma , to pay our homage.After offering faith we went to the house where Q aid-I-Gamma was born. It was an old there-storey building. The room where our leader was born was on the first floor. Some of the furniture and clothes of Squad-I-Gamma were on the show In the room. After this we went to Clifton beach . The most popular picnic resort in Karachi There we saw the sea for the first time. A great expanse of water was before us. It stretched as far as the eye could see. We stripped and not the sea for a swim. Our professor was all the time telling us not to go very far. After the swim, we had tea In a restaurant the beach. It was now mum for lunch.So we returned to the city. After taking our lunch. We felt rather tired and decided to rest to a couple of house. In the evening we want ou t and roamed in the bazaar till late in the night. Every one seemed to be in a hurry. The big hotels of Karachi were splendid buildings. They were richly decorated. Very brightly. It and filled with the sounds of music and laughter. Next day we visited Karachi port and manor island. The naval authorities very kindly allowed us to visit the PENS . Jelled , the officers and men of the ship were very courteous. They showed us all over the hip and explained everything we wanted to know . N the evening, we went to see the airport. The first Item on our programmer for the next day was a visit to the state bank, it was a magnificent building. We were very much impressed by its roof- garden and tastefully decorated conference hall and library. The rest day we spent in visiting the national museum and the Karachi zoo, it was our blast day in Karachi Trip to Karachi By Abductees Last winter we, a group of ten student, went to Karachi. Our collage had arranged 25th of December. When we left La hore by train. The Journey was long. The winter dampen our high spirits. Next day we reached Karachi late in the afternoon.We went we had seen in Lahore. The number of cars we saw on the roads indicated the beloved leader, Squad -I-Gamma , to pay our homage. After offering faith we went to clothes of Squad-I-Gamma were on the show in the room. After this we went to Clifton beach , the most popular picnic resort in Karachi. There we saw the sea for the first to go very far. After the swim, we had tea in a restaurant the beach. It was now time Karachi were splendid buildings. They were richly decorated. Very brightly. It and airport. The first item on our programmer for the next day was a visit to the state

Intercultural Communication Plan for a Multicultural Classroom Research Paper - 1

Intercultural Communication Plan for a Multicultural Classroom - Research Paper Example As such, it presents a complicated challenge given the fact that it is hard to distinguish what role should an educator play in a place comprising of such many and different believes and values systems. With that respect, this paper intends to set forth an educational plan whose aim is to build awareness as well as practical skills for facilitating cross-cultural communication. In this paper, development of an intercultural communication plan for a classroom with multicultural backgrounds and will focus mainly on a set community in Australia with both visible and invisible cultural backgrounds and most of the learners are thirteen year olds. Demographic description of this community predicts that, the type of diversity that is expectable in the classroom is both visible and invisible (Hinkle, 2001). In invisible diversity or culture, there is a composition of social cultural assumptions and beliefs that most people are unaware thus unable to examine intellectually. Additionally, in i nvisible diversity, an educator does not always teach in explicit instruction. In this community, there are immigrants, natives, and Australian emigrants who form the background of this community. For an educator, it is always important to be conversant with the backgrounds and lives of the students. This is mainly because, lack of this awareness leads to underdevelopment of the teacher’s compassion and sensitivity for each student (Meyers, 2006). A pragmatic intercultural communication plan for a multicultural classroom will set out a platform where students will learn both invisible and visible cultures in their instruction (Yin, 2003). The educator will teach means of recognizing socially acceptable languages and behaviors. An educator will also teach the learners the relevant time and place for applying or using these behaviors and languages. Studies show that, in a multicultural classroom or in a diverse culture, it is of paramount importance to practice and consider eff icient and effective multicultural communication within learning institutions (Meyers, 2006). As a result, promoting communication enhances tolerance, fosters interaction, and improves chances of all students for a better education. Teachers should be conversant with their own skills of communication and be in a position to help students learn effective means of communication. Documented evidence asserts that, English Language Learners in a multicultural classroom are at risk for alienation from the rest of the peers. In addition, they encounter misunderstanding by their educators and can easily lose opportunities if they lack awareness of cultural norms (Wiseman, 2003). With that sense, research on this community finds it worth noting that learners are in need of becoming observers of social cultural norms, pay attention to daily routines, expressions employed in everyday conversations and regard social status of the respective community (Fish, 2007). Afterwards, teachers must make sure that students identify why inhabitants use certain expressions while others are not in numerous situations. Onwards, students should be in a position to use their gained skills and knowledge while communicating with other people (Wilkinson, 2004). It is the duty of an educator to ensure that students learn the appropriate time to employ particular expressions. Researchers emphasize that that students are astute and consistent watchers of people (Meyers, 2006).

Museum Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Museum Paper - Essay Example A numbers of these European artists spent their entire lives in the United States. All the paintings on the museum walls were created by these great artists between 1799 to 1843. It is observed that a number of paintings in the gallery depicted outdoor sceneries and the sky. The West painting measuring 34 by 25.6 cm was properly displayed in order to demonstrate the rich experiences of these artists. My first encounter with the West’s paintings in the museum walls were first confusing to me to an extent that I did not even recognize Benjamin Franklin, probably because I had little experience owing to my Qatar native and only two years of living experience in the united states. My little stay within the United States meant that I had little understanding of the American history. According to my understanding on these types of painting, I imaged that the West’s painting with a pictorial painting of an old man surrounded by angels as a person seeking for God’s divine and mercy because the pictures are made facing the sky. I my little understanding of the West’s art work, I thought these paintings symbolized guidance as the wends created a strong illusion of the presence of God in me and I finally had to inflame it because I could not explain it owing to my little understanding of the American art works. The presence of light symbolized intervention and s atisfaction. My little interpretation was also influenced by spiritual upbringing that made me closer to fundamental beliefs of God. For sure, I was aware that my interpretation of these great artistic works was different from the American artists because they had a deeper understanding of their profession. King George III, born in 1738in the United States had great control of America before losing the colonial control. Although he had an English originality, his presence

An Appointment Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Appointment Letter - Essay Example In this paper we have to write an appointment letter to client recommending a contract type for a rural housing scheme and the reasons for the choice, for writing the letter we must assume some data i.e. we know the client and asking for an appointment and discussing the contract, therefore it is a Formal letter and the it is from an Architectures office to a client discussing about a Rural housing scheme in England. I refer to your letter/ our conversation [delete as appropriate] of the [insert date] regarding my Appointment as architect for the respective project. I request you to accept the proposal of this project as it will be a profitable project for you. Please consider the following points which will help you in taking decision. Land Availability: Land is available at a very affordable cost in that particular area, keeping this in mind we can buy land as much as we need or more than that, which will help us in future for different purposes. Availability of Raw Material: Raw m aterial is easily available in that particular area and it is also at an Affordable cost and as much as we require at the time we require it. Availability of labor: Both skilled and Unskilled Labor is available, who can operate machines we require for the construction. Easy placement of the design of the project: Even complicated designs can be made on the particular area, which is one of the biggest advantages.... area, which is one of the biggest advantages. Another important point that we should keep in mind is the availability of land and the importance of developing a rural area, as the land is available at a reasonable and cheap cost and the site is easy to build, so we can construct our own markets (Super Market, Shopping Complex, whole sale and Retailers shops of different house hold needs etc...) in that particular area which will be helpful to the locals living that particular and it will also be profitable to you.It is all together an Affordable housing Land supply, it is will prove to be a very good project as for the shortage of housing in rural areas. As the great majority of rural developments is small scale, it is likely that after development cost will be increase and it will be profitable. Finally the nature of Affordable housing development in rural areas is important. I once again request you to except the proposal of this project as it will be really profitable to every one included in this project and I hope the above points will be helpful to you in taking decision. I have written the terms and condition which will apply to the project are those set out in the ______ Condition of Engagement for the Appointment of an Architect (CE/99), two copies of which are enclosed. They are completed in accordance with the terms we discussed and negotiated with you on an individual basis. I should be pleased if you would check that you are entirely happy with them. Please consider the following conditions: 1. The law of the contract will be the law of [insert the relevant law, e.g.

New Product Deployment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New Product Deployment - Research Paper Example This makes the company strong in thinking globally and act locally. Further to gain grip over the local markets it spends significant amounts on social responsibilities (http://www.unilever.com). The consumption of quantity of tea is followed by the consumption of drinking water. On an average about 3 million metric tons of tea is produced in the globe. The largest producer-countries are the largest consumers as well, and the rest is traded either directly to value-added resellers in other countries or bought through auction on the open market (http://shop.jaxteacompany.com). 'The UK is the largest per-capita consumer of tea averaging about 3.5 to 4.0 cups per day. India and China are the largest consumers of tea on the basis of total leaf used, and this consumption is largely from internal production.' (http://shop.jaxteacompany.com). Tea brands are more and more number of people drink tea in the globe. 'It is revealed that tea is the most preferable drink after water' (http://www.unilever.com). Many flavours (as per local and global preferences), different sizes (such as 1000 Gms, 500gms, 250 Gms, 100 Gms, 50 Gms dip tea bags) are brought by research and by the firms including Unilever. There are different blends of tea namely; premium blend which is costly and tasty where as regular blend is cheap and not so strong and tasty. Similarly leaf teas, yellow tea, green tea, iced tea, ice tea are also in the market. Earlier days tea used to be served in hot and now tea also is served in cool. Further 'all teas - black, green, oolong or white provide with an antioxidant boost and just one 200ml cup of Lipton Yellow Label will provide you with around 135mg of antioxidants' (http://www.unilever.com). a) Core product description and potential for differentiation Tea is mostly available in powder format packed in vaccum evaporated packing system. Most of the parts of the globe tea is served hot. Household customers buy and pour in their bottles or containers at the time of using. With this the customers can not take the benefit of packing. Size reduction (form of sachets), to some extrent, solves the problem but increases the cost of the product and is inconvenient to stock the prooduct (unhygenic) after using partially as each sachet can be used for 4 cups of tea to be served hot.. b) Expected product

LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTL BUSINESS - Essay Example The South Korean resort of Pyeongchang was the favorite to host Games but Putin made it his personal mission to get the bid, travelled to Guatemala City in 2007 and make Russia final pitch and sweet talked members of International Olympic Committee into voting in the favor of Sochi. IOC member Jean-Claude Killy said it was very important to have the presence of Putin and he spoke French that he never speaks. The cost has presently risen (Bloomberg Business Week). Sochi price tag is some sort of embarrassment. The Sochi game is quite relevant in the study of games and sport in class. It is quite agreeable that the cost is high because it is being set in an expensive defying climate. The Krasnaya Polyana is filled with snow every February and the lower slopes have average wintertime temperature of fifty-two degrees. The officials have to drain swamps, store the previous year’s snow and install over four hundred snowmaking machines. Seventy thousand laborers working seven days a week for as little as U.S Dollar five hundred a month to build over twenty thousand new hotel rooms, new roads tunnels and bridges, renovated airport and new railway lines. A more sinister reason for the rise of the budget is the Beijing extravagant expenditure in the 2008 Summer Olympic. In addition, Sochi Olympics are unprecedented thieves. The contractors who are Putin cronies had a phony cost of over twenty six billion. The estimated cost of the road and railway to be constructed was estimated a cost of $ 8.7 billion. Terrorism is also an issue of concern. Doku Umarov a Chechen rebel leader has urged the Islamist fighters in the surrounding area of North Caucasus to cause much bloodshed on the games as possible (Bloomberg Business Week). The Olympics states that Umarov is held on the bones of their ancestors and many dead Muslims are buried on the territory land of the black sea. To prove that the threat was not ideal,

How ernest hemmingways life is paralleled in his works Essay

How ernest hemmingways life is paralleled in his works - Essay Example His writings remain well known due to his harshness, reductionist technique, and availability to readers. His writings created the way for potboilers and pulp fiction. In the almost sixty-two years of his existence that came after, he created a literary image without exceeding in the twentieth era. In acting as such, he as well formed a mythological champion in himself that encouraged, and some other times confronted not only committed literary critics, but also the intermediary. His life and trademarks remain evident even at current; otherwise, he was a star (Krstovic 20). His life encounters and how they were parallel to his work Born in 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, Ernest Hemingway enjoyed an upper middle group atmosphere, where his dad worked as a physician and his mother had practiced as a singer. The household used to go for summers in Michigan, where Ernest developed his huge admiration of everything that was not indoors. As a teenager, his dad taught him the way to hunt and f ish next to shores and within the bushes encircling Michigan Lake. This admiration of nature lived with him for the whole of his life. Nature could be the touchstone of Hemingway’s life and task. When Ernest finished his secondary education, his uncle assisted him get an employment as a reporter in the Kansas City Star. Therefore, this means that he never went to college after high school. Ernest worked at the Star for around six months (Mark 97). Hemmingway was a great sportsman. He loved portraying hunters, soldiers, and bullfighters. His interest in sports is evident in his high school life. He worked on the school’s newspaper; Tabula and Trapeze, primarily writing on sports. Due to America’s involvement in World War 1, Hemingway attempted to join the US Army. Happy as he was, he did not pass the physical test because of his poor eyesight. The desire to take part in the War did not however end there, and Hemingway enrolled with the Red Cross as an Ambulance d river. Upon coming out of US, Hemingway initially moved to Paris, and then got commands to go to Milan. After a short while after arriving at Milan, he travelled to the city of Schio where he did the job of driving ambulances. While shipping chocolates and cigarettes to war men on the rear, Hemingway got badly wounded on July 8, 1918, by pieces from an Austrian gun shield. Despite being seriously injured by the gun, and knocked by machine mortar fire Hemingway committed himself to safe the protection of his compatriot war men, moving them from the danger zone. The Italian state later gave Hemingway a silver medal of Military Valor for his champion activity (Smith 45). Hemingway stayed for some time nursing injuries at a hospital in Milan, where he met Agnes Von kurowsky, a nurse who came from Washington DC. The nurse had six years in his life older than Hemingway did, but he loved her and organized to go with her home to Oak Park. Despite Hemingway falling in love with Agnes, their love affair did not last his going back to the United States of America. Agnes, after a short while, left Hemingway for another man. This greatly devastated the writer, who was still young in age. This instance contributed to his writing of ‘A Very Short Story’ and ‘A Farewell to Arms’. This is a further instance of instances in the writer’s life that shaped his works. It was later that Hemmingway met his first wife Elizabeth Hadley Richardson whom they got married on 1921. They shifted to Paris, France and towards the end of 1923, as Hadley neared giving her

Gender Inequality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender Inequality - Research Paper Example This report stresses that there is statistical evidence regarding the roles of men and women in society. Men are paid better than women for the same services. Women possess less properties, physical assets, financial resources, and are not equal to men in education and technology usage. They word harder than men but it cannot be economically proved as they don’t get rewarded for that. Women are not independent in making decisions whether at home or the community they belong to. Cultural traditions and assumptions come in the way of treating women equally to men. They carry higher risk to violence and rape than men. Gender inequality is inherent in society as it is based on cultural beliefs, societal attitudes, power and independence. This essay makes a conclusion that the media watch-dogs should keep an eye on finding and checking gender stereotypes and partial attitude towards women. They should observe that regulation and standards are adhered to by speaking non-sexist language. Gender issues should be included in the production and use of media so that gender stereotypes no more remain a roadblock in the partnering of men and women in all aspects of life. It is a human rights responsibility also to eradicate negative gender behavior and attitude from all walks of life. Media and advertisement organizations need to be transparent in their policies if they are keen on discouraging gender based discrimination through policy initiatives, and increase their credibility rating. Only media can be the best platform to be used as a tool in empowering gender equality, which will result in economic and social growth.

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case Essay

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case study) - Essay Example Findings revealed that workforce diversity has both positive and negative impacts on job performance in Walmart and that current diversity-related issues are not that damaging yet to the strategic objectives of the company. Results also showed that the most effective strategy to counter the potential negative impact of workforce diversity in the organization is to implement evidence-based initiatives which are to be introduced in several phases. Moreover, there are multifarious benefits of workforce diversity to the company. Recommendations forwarded include continuously reinforcing positive impacts, neutralizing the negative impact, evaluating diversity profiles, revisiting policies, and soliciting feedback NOW to make sure that the gap between diversity requirements and the mechanisms that address these are limited at tolerable levels. More importantly, Walmart should sustain the momentum of its diverse workforce in bringing value to the company. Introduction: Strategic human resource management (HRM) is an integral approach aimed at reaching organizational goals. It correlates about how an institution directs the performance of its officers and workers within a targeted period to perfect the company’s relation with the market and to ensure that it’s able to achieve shareholders’ expectations based on the confluence and influential factors driven by the state of the economy. Russu (1993) posited that HRM is achieved if an organization has nurtured a formal structure of organization using its human capital in the perfection of desired performance. As such, the company must be able to (a) develop strategic approaches to motivate them in order to engage them in all necessary tasks; (b) permit the organization to function for efficiency and effectiveness of services; (c) adhere to objectives using standards and performance control or systems; (d) make some essential decisions about employment in relation to organizational effectiveness; (e) appreciation of diversity to gather leverage in the market and to make the services harmonious to market; and to nurture high productivity in its economic and corporate activities. Russu (1993) pointed that HRM is therefore about defining strategies to assure concordance in business strategy and human resources strategy. It is also interested about developing a comprehensive process in the application of policies and workplace ethics or practices by setting down the integrated human resources’ desired behaviours and nurturing commitments from workforces. The objectives of this research are to broadly investigate the

In this report I will start by exploring Essay Example for Free

In this report I will start by exploring Essay In this report I will start by exploring the history of the Computerised Tomography (CT) scanner and the technological advances which have made this type of medical imaging one of the most successful in its field. In addition, I will give a detailed explanation of the physics used to generate and manipulate a three-dimensional image. These images are used by physicians to diagnose cancers and vascular diseases or identify other injuries within the skeletal system, which can cause millions of deaths each year. This area of research has been chosen because I plan to enter the world of medicine in the next academic year. Medicine is constantly changing and developing. Cost containment and limitations reimbursed for high-tech studies such as CT and Magnetic Resonance imagining (MRI) are part of the future for the health care system. For CT to grow, or at least survive, it must provide more information than other imaging modalities in a cost-effective, time-efficient manner and at this present time it is able to achieve its aim. History: Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is also known as CAT scanning (Computed Axial Tomography). Tomography is from the Greek words tomos meaning slice and graphia meaning describing. The first CT scanner was invented in Britain by the EMI Medical Laboratories in 1973 and was designed by the engineer Godfrey N Hounsfield. Hounsfield was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to medicine and science. Figure 1. 0 (below left) show the first ever CT scanner produced, with its designer Hounsfield: Foster E. (1993) and Imaginis. com state that: the first clinical CT scanners were installed between 1974 and 1976. The original systems were dedicated to head imaging only, but whole body systems with larger patient openings became available in 1976. CT became widely available by about 1980. According to Imaginis. com, at this present time there are approximately 6,000 CT scanners in the United States and about 30,000 worldwide. However, it should be noted that many third-world counties do not have the financial capability to purchase CT scanners and as a result do not posses them. The first consignment of CT scanners developed by the EMI took several hours to acquire the data for a single scan. In addition, it would take days to reconstruct a single image from this raw data. Bell J.(2006), suggest that modern CT scanners can collect up to 4 slices of data in about 350ms and reconstruct a 512 x 512 matrix from millions of data in less than a second. Since its development 36 years ago CT has made advances in speed, patient comfort and resolution . A bigger volume can be scanned in less time and artefacts can be reduced as faster scans can eliminate faults caused from patient motion. Another advance took place in 1987. Bushong C. S (2004) suggests that, in the original CT scanners the x-ray power was transferred to the x-ray tube by high voltage cable; however modern CT scanners use the principle of slip ring. This is explained in more detail under advances. Figure 1. 1 (below right) shows what a modern CT scanner looks like. CT examinations are now quicker as well as being more patient-friendly. Much research has been undertaken in this field, which as a result has led to the development of high-resolution imaging for diagnostic purposes. In addition, the research has also reduced the risk of radiation by being able to provide good images at the lowest possible x-ray dose. Principles and Components of CT: CT scanners are based on the x-ray principle; x-rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which are able to pass through the body. Roberts P. D (1990) states, that as they are absorbed or attenuated at different levels, they are able to create a matrix of differing strength. In x-ray machines this matrix is registered on film, whereas in the case of CT the film is replaced by detectors which measure the strength of x-ray. To understand how a CT scanner works in more detail, I shall start by looking at the equipment used. Firstly, we must analyse the basic components which make a CT scanner work. These are the gantry, operating console and a computer. Figure 1. 2 shows the order in which the information passes. Figure 1.2 shows only basic components; other components will be explained later in the course of this report. Arguably, the most important part of a CT scanner is the gantry. Gantry: According to Foster E (1993) and Impactscan. org, the gantry consists of an x-ray source. Opposite the x-ray source, on the other side of the gantry, is an x-ray detector. During a scan a patient will lie on a table which slides into the centre of the gantry until the part of the body to be scanned is between the x-ray source and detector. The x-ray machine and x-ray detector both rotate around the patients body, remaining opposite each other. As they rotate around, the x-ray machine emits thin beams of x-rays through the patients body and into the x-ray detector. Figure 1. 3 shows the inside of a gantry. The detectors detect the strength of the x-ray beam that has passed through the body. The denser the tissues, the less x-rays pass through. The x-ray detectors feed this information into a computer as shown is Figure 1. 3. Different types of tissue with different densities show up in a picture on the computer monitor as different colours or shades of grey. Therefore, an image is created by the computer of a slice (cross- section) of a thin section of a body. Before advancing any further we must understand the physics behind this process. X-ray tube: The X-ray tube inside the gantry (figure 1. 4) produces the X-ray beams by converting electrical energy into an electromagnetic wave. Graham T. D (1996) and Bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 suggest that, this is achieved by accelerating electrons from an electrically negative cathode towards a positive anode. As the electrons hit the target they are decelerated quickly, causing them to lose energy which is converted into heat energy and X-rays. The anode and cathode form a circuit which is completed by the flow of electrons through the vacuum of the tube. The basic layout of an X-ray tube is shown below (figure 1. 4). Figure 1. 4 shows that a high voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode. This very high potential is supplied by a high-voltage generator. The high voltage is the provider of the electrical energy needed for conversion and thus production of X-ray beams. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. Three-phase Generator: Three-phase generators are typical of CT scanners. Ogborn J. (2001) and koehler. me. uk, state that this process can be thought of as three phase AC generators combined into one. The poles of the permanent rotating armature magnet swing past each of the non-permanent stator magnets. This induces an oscillating voltage across each of the three coils. Figure 1. 5 shows a three phase generator. As we can see from figure 1. 5, each of the three coils has a wire leading from it. These three wires join together to form the purple wire that leads to the purple terminal see from figure 1. 5 As the three separate coils are arranged 120i apart, the oscillations of each of these are 120i out phase. This means the purple (or neutral) wire can be quite thin since the different phases add up to approximately zero. The potential difference generated needs to be high; high potential difference has a number of advantages in CT scanners. High potential difference reduces bone attenuation (greater penetration) allowing wider range of image (larger grey scale as bone is not merely white as on normal x-ray- (this will be explained later). In addition, the higher the radiation intensity at the detectors in the gantry, the better the information acquired. Gantry: The Collimator: In this section we shall look at the gantry (figure 1. 3) in more detail. Figure 1. 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of the inside of a gantry. According to Foster E (1993), inside the gantry is a beam restrictor called, collimator. Beam restrictors are lead obstacles placed near to the anode of the X-ray tube (figure 1. 4) and are used to control the width of the X-ray beam allowed to pass through the patient. Beam restrictors are needed as they keep patient exposure to a minimum and also reduce scattered rays. This is very important as X-rays are produced by a centre spot on the anode; they are not all produced at the same point. In addition, restrictors also maintain beam width travelling through the patient, which as a result affects the image quality (stronger beam means better image). The most effective form of a beam restrictor is a collimator. This is situated in front of the X-ray tube and consists of two sets of four sliding lead shutters which move independently to restrict the beam. The Filters: By looking at figure 1. 6 we can see another apparatus positioned between the collimator and the X-ray tube. This is the filter and its job is to remove the long wavelength X-rays produced from the X-ray tube. Impactscan. org suggests that, the X-ray tube produces radiation which consists of long and short wavelengths. However, the filter removes long wavelength radiation as this does not play a role in CT image formation, but increases patient dose. We know that long wavelength radiation is less energetic, and as a result passes through the body and cannot be detected. Furthermore, a person who is very large may not fit into the opening of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight limit for the moving table. This could possibly be the next technological advancement in CT scanners. Advantages: The main advantage of CTs is that a short scan time of 600 milliseconds to a few seconds can be used for all anatomic part of the body. This is a big advantage especially for people who are claustrophobic. In addition, it is painless, non-invasive and accurate. As CT scans are fast and simple, in emergency cases they can reveal internal injuries and bleeding quickly enough to help save lives. Also, in this period of economic recession the CT has shown to be cost-effective imaging tool for a wide range of clinical problems. Comparing CT to its competitors the MRI scan, CT is less sensitive to patient movement and can be performed even if the patient has an implanted medical device, unlike MRI. At the present time the CT scanner is superior to the MRI scanner. MRIs are bigger machines, with much more sensitive electronics in addition to requiring bigger support structures to operate them. To sum that all up- MRI machines cost more and this could be the underlying reason that CT are used more than MRI scans. Finally, a diagnosis determined by CT scanning may eliminate the need for exploratory surgery. Risks: The main risk of CT is the chance of cancer from exposure to radiation. The radiation ionises the body cells which mutate when they replicate and form a tumour. However, the benefits of an accurate diagnosis outweigh the risks. In our recent study of ionisation radiation we have learned about the unit of Sievert. Radiologyinfo. org states that a radiation dose from this procedure ranges from 2 to 5 mSV, which is approximately the same as the background radiation received in 4 years. The main risk of CT scanner is cancer; however this is only if they are used excessively. Research for the New Scientist suggests that the risk is very small and the benefits greatly weight it. Summary: In this report I started by looking at the history behind the CT scan and how this medical imaging has taken the science world by storm. I then explained the basic principles behind the scanner. As understanding of these principles grew, we were then led into the physics and a more in depth explanation. The different components of the CT were explained in detail such as the three-phase generator and how an x-ray tube works. This links in with our recent study of physics. During the report we were also able to understand how slip ring and thus helical scanning has proven to be a major advance is this field. Once again, the physics behind this was explained in some detail. The report concluded by looking at the various applications, advantages and risks. The medical imaging world is constantly changing and improving like any field of medicine. Companies are always trying to produce imaging machines which are faster, more accurate, more economical and present less risk to the patient. Therefore, the life span of the CT scanner could be limited with its competitors waiting to emerge in the background. The information in this report is very factual and accurate. I used a variety of sources to obtain the information. Most of the information in this coursework is attained from universities and radiology books. In addition, well-known articles were used from the monthly radiology magazine, Synergy as well as information from the New Scientist and Nature. Synergy is the biggest radiography magazine in the UK, which makes me believe that the information obtained it accurate. In addition, New Scientist and Nature are well established titles which more often than not provide accurate information. The websites I used are all recommended by The University of Hertfordshire to its undergraduates in radiography. This means they are also reliable sources of information. In addition, I also used a number of well recognised radiology books. By using different sources of information, I was able to eliminate any bias or inaccurate information provided in some sources. To sum up, I believe the information provided is accurate and reliable. Bibliography: Book References Allday J, Adams S (2000) Advanced Physics. Oxford University Press Ball J, More D. A (2006) Essential Physics for Radiographers. Blackwell Publishing Bushong C. S (2004) Radiologic Science for Technologist. Mosby Inc Duncan T, (1987) Physics; A Textbook for Advanced Level Students. John Murray Elliott A, McCormick A (2004) Health Physics. Cambridge University Press Foster E (1993) Equipment for Diagnostic Radiographer. MTP Press Limited Graham T. D (1996) Principles of Radiological Physics. Churchill Livingstone. Ogborn et al (2000) Advancing Physics A2. Institute of Physics Roberts P. D, Smith L. N (1990) Radiographic Imaging. Churchill Livingstone Thompson C, Wakeling J (2003) AS Level Physics. Coordinate Group Publication. On Line References Figure 1. 0 obtained from, www. catscanman. net Figure 1. 1 obtained from, www. mh. org. au Figure 1. 3 and Figure 1. 4 obtained from, www. impactscan. org/slides Figure 1. 5 obtained from, www. koehler. me. uk Figure 1. 6 and Figure 1. 7 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides Figure 1. 8 obtained from, www. itnonline. net. Figure 1. 9 and Figure 2. 0 obtained from www. sprawls. org/resources Figure 2. 1 obtained from, www. csmc. edu Figure 2. 2 and Figure 2. 3 obtained from, www. sprawls. org/resources Figure 2. 4, Figure 2. 5 and Figure 2. 6 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides www. radiologyinfo. org (25 February 2009) www. imaginis. com/ct-scan/ (12 March 2009) www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 (15 February 2009) www. impactscan. org/slides (12 March 2009) www. sprawls. org/resources (14 March 2009) Other References Synergy Magazine New Scientist Magazine Nature Magazine.

Randalls Department Stores Essay Example for Free

Randalls Department Stores Essay Department stores encountered a quandary surrounding their pricing strategies: Should they continue to pursue Every Day Low Pricing strategies coupled with frequent promotions or determine a narrow focus on one or the other? If this is preferable, then which one will reap the biggest benefits for the department store? Competitors were aggressively promoted their established brand promotions with more fervor than ever, and Randall’s was slipping in market dominance. A decision had to be made regarding their pricing policy henceforth. Sales data shows that Every Day Low Pricing was not a preferable strategy. Armed with this knowledge, Randall’s must execute a strategy of changing prices so that there is no confusion with the consumer as to what they can provide: Quality products at consistently low prices. With the elimination of erratic and deeply discounted promotions, Randall’s can begin a new era of consistent sales cycles and profitable returns in a marketing environment which is receptive to this development. #1 – There are several distinct advantages to having a more stable and single-level pricing structure. A commitment to this would mean a significant decline in store promotions, but it can be argued that the benefits outweigh the detriments. First, the money that could be saved on largely eliminating sales events accumulates to become a substantial savings pot for the company per year. Secondly, staff members would not be so taxed. Process adjustments borne by the need to honor their guarantee of matching a competitor’s price or paying back the difference if they were to reduce their own requires extra staff that is unnecessary under a stable pricing structure. Another benefit of this strategy is a better inventory turnover ratio. Daily sales can be better predicted and more consistent when the prices to not fluctuate constantly. The cost of residual merchandise to be sold in clearance events at the end of the season is too great when Randall’s is forced to mark these down at even deeper price discounts. This strategic advantage also spawns another: a lesser chance of stockouts. These occurred when a popular item was discounted unnecessarily. The item sold so fast that there were no more left to sell, and those products would have sold regardless without a significant discount. Stockouts can be recognized as revenue forgone when a stable pricing strategy is not implemented. This strategy enables the merchants to be able to dedicate more time and effort to planning their calculated assortment coupled with enhanced service measures. With this comes the success experienced when loyalty to the Randall’s brand is fostered through excellent customer care and superior product presentation established. A store-wide adoption of stable pricing could allow Randall’s to establish a reputation for good value, even in the sea of competitors who continued their fierce promotions. #2 – The introduction of a more leveled pricing was largely unsuccessful in many categories, but successful in certain others. The children’s clothing department enjoyed a relative price inelastic demand structure. This department enjoyed great success derived from implementing Everyday Low Pricing (EDLP) because the children’s merchandise sold carried a lower initial mark-up than formerly and was scarcely promoted at discount prices, if even once a season. The reason EDLP fell flat in many other areas, including jewelry and men’s suits, is because the quality perception of jewelry and suits can be compromised when prices are low from the outset with peripheral promotions going on, consumers anticipate similar discounts on these premier items when they are already at low prices. #3 – In the future, Randall’s should try to stabilize prices going forward. This recommendation comes in light of the fact that the only department which thrived under was Children’s. But there has already been too much damage done in the perceptual minds of the Randall’s consumers – their image has been compromised. The confusion as to whether Randall’s is a more like a Marshall’s or like a JC Penny’s. With a consistent commitment to lower-level initial mark-ups with few discount promotions, the short surges in revenue seen by sales events will not be as great as the steady revenue brought by the sales of a consumer confident in the quality and competitive price of the Randall’s item. Randall’s can’t follow in the footsteps of high-profile competitor Prescott’s and run aggressive sales events if they are not committed to promoting as hard, if not harder than this competitor. The sales will fall short every time and leave Emily ; Caroline Randall back where they started – riding the promotion wave, with the breaker close on the horizon. Please see Appendix A for a detailing of the specific plan of execution for Randall’s executives to changes prices and stabilize them store-wide. With this plan of action, Randall’s can be armed for an era of consistent pricing and steady sales cycles – at no expense to their quality perception.

The Importance Of Classroom Technology

The Importance Of Classroom Technology The literature review will discuss the importance of technology use in classroom and its effect on the learning and teaching process. The Influence of technology has its outcome on the development of second language acquisition. Therefore, student responsiveness of learning a second language is clear in a thrived technological classroom. There is different articles such as (ARSLAN, 2008, Bridget Dalton, 2011, Iacob, 2009, Ilknur ISTIFIC, 2011, Iran Dolati, 2012, Sasiwan Potcharapanpong, 2010) would analyzes the correlation between technology environment and language learning and the teacher role in enhancing technology skills. The report will shed light on the transition point of learning English as second language for elementary students with the integration of technology tools and the different use of it to improve the teaching and learning methods. The Influence of adapting technology has on the development of second language acquisition, especially in an Arabic environment. The n ext five literature reviews will support the importance of integrating technology in teaching. Literature Review The first article which is a study of The Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Classes for English as a Second Language (Iacob, 2009), has been emphasizing the necessity of learning English assisted by technology. The article focused on the use of CALL which emphasizes on the use of technology in teaching English in elementary schools also, the methodology of the study that covered two groups of eight years children. The first group was assigned to use computer in classroom and at their home for about two times a week, while the other one has been taught with the assisted computer at classroom without using it at home. The final result of the study shows the impact of teaching and learning English with using computers, which shows an impressive recognition in learning English in their answer responses. Next paper underlined the different use of technology, like The eVoc Strategies: 10 Ways to Use Technology to Build Vocabulary (Bridget Dalton, 2011) had shed light on the importance of integrating technology in teaching English vocabulary to improve the students storage of vocabulary. The use of technology tools would grasp the student interest to learn. The purpose of this article is to discuss the ten eVoc strategies that would improve vocabulary learning. The article integrated learning with technology in real life experience through active learning strategies would suggest. The paper is goes through the advantage word reference with visual dictionary which helps students to comprehend what they have learned. Then, the article of An Effective Role of E-Learning Technology for English Language Teaching By Using Meta Communication Actors (Ilknur ISTIFIC, 2011), has highlighted the role of technological program and communication in our life. Teacher has to modify their own technological methodology, especially in teaching a second language. Computer used as a transmission for knowledge into students minds. In furthermore, technology has been used as a tool to develop the cognitive side of the students minds. The article clarified that teacher and students can build a virtual learning environment by using web tools to communicate and think critically. It conclude that web technology enhance learning English as a second language and most of curriculum writers revise their curriculum according to the latest technology development. The discussion in the article of The Perception of English Language Teachers in the Use of Visual Learning Aids (Iran Dolati, 2012), has been focusing on the importance of visual learning aids are becoming more widely used in education and its role in language classroom. The study was happening in Malaysia, in which a second language learner environment and it focused on the use of visual aids technology to learn a second language. The research project shows that teacher who would use visual aids would provide a better learning environment. In addition, it shows the influence of use of visual aids to improve learning and motivate the students. It has been discussed in the Implementing a Holistic Teaching in Modern ELT Classes: Using Technology and Integrating Four Skills (ARSLAN, 2008) the importance of integrating technology to improve student skills. It highlighted the effect of computer assisted classroom to sharpen students learning skills. The research discusses the cognitive approach of teaching English with the use of technology in classroom to address different kinds of intelligences. It also pointed that a holistic teaching intertwined with technology environment in which students control over their learning. The paper discussed the effect of CALL in teaching English for second language learners and shed light on the different researches of using computer in classrooms. Conclusion The result of the different paper confirmed the intertwined relation between technology and teaching second language learners. Computer plays a significant role in teaching a second language in which creates a virtual learning environment that helps them to think critically and solve problem. At the conclusion, we reached to a realization that computer isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t used only in computer labs; it is rather used in a daily pace classroom use. Behaviorists believe that online learning cannot provide the same positive learning results as face-to-face learning. Constructivists use discovery learning and critical learning activities which is done synchronously.

Comparing In Our World and the World of The Giver Essay -- Comparison

Parallels In Our World and the World of The Giver   Ã‚  Ã‚   The story in The Giver by Lois Lowry takes place in a community that is not normal. People cannot see color, it is an offense for somebody to touch others, and the community assigns people jobs and children. This unnamed community shown through Jonas’ eye, the main character in this novel, is a perfect society. There is no war, crime, and hunger. Most readers might take it for granted that the community in The Giver differs from the real society. However, there are several affinities between the society in present day and that in this fiction: estrangement of elderly people, suffering of surrogate mothers, and wanting of euthanasia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first similarity is that elderly people are left out of the society. In the novel, the elderly cannot have a family. They live in the House of the Old because they are separated from the society. All the people are getting older and weaker without exception, so it is hard for them to live without family. Nonetheless, the society isolates the elderly. â€Å"The Old were sitting quietly, some visiting and talking with one another, others doing handwork and simple crafts. A few were asleep† (p. 28). Likewise, in the modern society, elderly people are lonely. Some avoid taking care of their parents suffering from disease like Alzheimer. The elderly are apt to be easily depressed, and this depression can be triggered by the deaths of their spouses, relatives, and friends or by financial worries. Therefore, old people need constant care and their family’s affection. However, due to hectic lifestyle of current society, many elderly peop le live alone or in care center without their family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another similarity can be found in th... ...relief, even if the amount required compromises respiration and leads to death? Most health care providers say no, because the goals in each are different. In the first situation, the goal is death; in the second, the goal is relief from suffering (Salladay, p. 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Giver provides a chance that readers can compare the real world with the society described in this book through some words, such as release, Birthmothers, and so on. Therefore, readers could be able to see what is happening right now in the real society in which they live by reading her fiction. The author, Lowry, might build the real world in this fiction by her unique point of view. Work Cited Salladay, S.A. (2000, November). Is it euthanasia? Nursing [online], 8 paragraphs. Available:http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=†¦&Sid=3&Idx=31&Deli=1&RQT=309&Dtp=1 [2001, February 11].

What Makes Women Crazy in Ancient Literature? Essay -- Literature

What does crazy mean? There are a few words that must be defined in order to support my argument. Crazy is an adjective that tends to mean passionately excited or enthusiastic. However it also can mean, â€Å"mentally deranged; demented and insane.† (Dictionary.com), which is important for the purposes of my argument because Medea is said to be crazy, but not overly excited about her situation. The next important word is mad, another adjective, and also a synonym for crazy. The last word is depressed, meaning â€Å"sad and gloomy; dejected; downcast.† (Dictionary.com). In The Tale of Genji , I believe Murasaki becomes depressed because she loses her â€Å"spirit†. Yet she hides her real emotions. Why are these words pertinent? Well they serve a purpose to distinguish culture differences in the two works: The Tale of Genji and The Medea. The different culture backgrounds in these two pieces of literature are important because it may help readers understand; why the characters â€Å"acted† in that specific manner. Therefore, I contend that the culture differences in Greek and Japanese writers reflect directly on the female characters reaction to the situations they were forced into. To support the argument, there will be background information provided on each author, including culture and personal history. Then I will explain the differences in each culture, specifically focusing in on their marital beliefs. However culture differences may not be the only culprit for the reflection of women in literature. In The Tale of Genji, the character Murasaki was not portrayed as crazy, she was a young noble lady in courtship with Genji: â€Å"Murasaki was no busy being grandmother to the royal children†(Shikibu 1335). In today’s modern society, some Americans ... ...com/docview/222691277?accountid=3611 "Murasaki Shikibu C.978-after 1005." Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms. London: Routledge, 2001. Credo Reference. 10 Sept. 2007. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . Reid, Matthew C., and Grant Gillett . "The Case of Medea: A View of Fetal-Maternal Conflict Journal of Medical Ethics." BMJ Publishing Group. 23.1 (1997): 19-25. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. . Vickers, Brian. "Myths in Tragedy." Towards Greek Tragedy: Drama, Myth, Society. Longman Group Limited, 1973. 268-343. Rpt. in World Literature Criticism, Supplement 1-2: A Selection of Major Authors from Gale's Literary Criticism Series. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1997. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Mar. 2012.

The University Art Gallery Show :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

The University Art Gallery Show Its bright, It's brash it's stimulating. It's Art Express '06! This years show displayed at the University Art gallery, demonstrated the growing interest in contemporary issues and cultural awareness. The Show was set up in separate sections, with similar artworks placed around the same sections of space. There were two glass presentation boxes going along the centre on either side of the room, with three main walls, leading onto smaller walls, presenting the HSC selected works. The set up was cleverly done, as it was very easy to casually walk around and view all the works with out any trouble. As always publicized in each year's art express, it was impossible not to notice the extreme range of different media and forms of works the students used. Ranging from medias like a clothesline to neon lights to print making. You couldn't help but be thrown into the world of the giant splurges of creativity around you; it will make you want to run home and sort through your local tip or bring out the old brushes to whip out something exciting. The term 'Major work is no longer ' used but replaced by 'Body of work'. The difference being before the student only had to complete one work to complete their practical. Now students have to complete a number of works all interrelating between each other. One of the most outstanding body of works shown that I think boldly stood out from the pack was "Mon Inversion Fragmentee (My fragmented inversion)" by Cara Lee, from Kambala. This work explored the social representation of women. 300 black and white photos each depict a close up image of a fragment of the divided female body. The rigidity of each individually hung photo exemplifies the restriction of the female and the extent to which they're boxed by society and social conventions. The strengths of the works this year were that the individual works challenged your way of thought. These students are not afraid to share their opinions to the public. It's become a trend that the general public will find it harder to just view a work and simply decide whether it is aesthetically appealing to them or not, with out also stopping to question the world around them or within themselves. Mon Inversion Fragmentee, Scientific Research; Cell your soul Manipulate and Hidden

Max webber

This is a study of the bureaucratic characteristics of Turkish elementary and secondary schools Little is known about the organization and foundation of these schools. This study Is d beginning In an effort to develop d body of literature In these schools. Max Weber's (in Gerth ; Mills, 1946) thinking and Hall's (1961) operationalization of bureaucracy form the theoretical foundation for the study.Because the construct of alienation is the main construct that has been studied with relation to bureaucracy, this study also examines the relationships between ureaucracy and sense of power as a measure of alienation. Context Organizations surround us. Bureaucracy Is d blueprint for organlzlng human activities for a desired end. It is a sociological phenomenon that has evolved throughout the history ot clvlllzauon. As a sociological tool It has been used to bulld pyramids, to invade nations, to cure illnesses, to keep criminals incarcerated, to land on Mars, to massacre millions, to educat e. nd so on. It Is the tool of power, an â€Å"effective† device to control and direct human effort and behavior. The bureaucratic theory of Max Weber has been a point of departure for the development and odification of organization structure to Influence the flow of Interrelationships within organizations (Hall, 1963). The degree of bureaucracy in an organization sets the boundaries tor human action. These boundaries that regulate people's treedom have a by-product known as alienation.The construct of alienation has been studied with relation to bureaucracy. It has been demonstrated that people who work in bureaucracies have a limited â€Å"say† In what they do. For good or for evil, bureaucracy is the machinery to control human behavior. What matters is how to use this device without alienating people. chools are one of the forms of bureaucracy where a large portion of our lives is spent Schools prepare youth for bureaucracies. If the schools are the places that prep are people tor bureaucratized lite. hen, the teachers in them are the agents of bureaucracies. If teachers are alienated, society may also be alienated It is possible that certain problems ascribed to bureaucracies can be related to d certain degree of bureaucracy In organizations. All organizations are bureaucratic toa degree. Human lite, even before It begins and after It ends, is in contact with bureaucratic organizations. Organizations will ontinue to dominate and alienate our lives It is worthwhile to understand what bureaucracy Is and what problems are associated with It. ureducracles surround The orlgln ot the Bureaucratic Theory Since translations of Max Weber's works into the English language during the second part of the 1940s, a vast literature on organizations, In general, and on bureaucracy, 1 Of6 In partlcular, nas Deen generated. Max weDer (Ge in favor of bureaucratic organization: argued as Tollows The decisive reason for the advantage of bureaucratic organization ha s always been its purely technical superiority over any form of organization. The fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine with the non-mechanical modes of production.Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction, and of material and personal costs– these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration, and especially in its monocratic form. As compared with the collegiate, honorific, and avocation forms of administration, trained bureaucracy is superior on all these points. (p. 214) Max Weber (Etzioni, 1961) listed organizational attributes that when present, constitute the bureaucratic form of organization. 1 A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules. A specific sphere of competence. 3 The organization of offices follows the principal of hierarchy; that is, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. 4 The rules which regulate the conduct of an office may be technical rules or norms. 5 It is a matter of principle that members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from ownership of the means of production or administration. In order to enhance the organizational freedom, the resources of the organization have to be free of any outside control and the positions cannot be monopolized by any incumbent. 7 Administrative acts, decisions, and any rules are formulated and recorded in writing. (pp. 53-54) Based on the theory developed by Max Weber, researchers used bureaucratic theory as an analytical tool to examine organizational structure. Until the 1960s, case studies were used to assess bureaucratic characteristics of organizations. These studies were called unidimensional approach to the study of organization. Researchers who used the unidimensional approach believed that all characteristics of bureaucracy must be presen t to a high degree in an organization before it can be called a bureaucracy.During the late 1950s this approach was questioned. Researchers started to think that all characteristics of bureaucracy might not be present in an organization at the same time. Some characteristics can be stronger than others. Characteristics could be independent of each other. Bureaucratic characteristics or dimensions could create different configurations of bureaucracies. Since the 1960s, imensional approaches to study bureaucracy have been used. Hall (1961) was among the first to measure bureaucratic dimensions in organizations empirically.Hall (1961) was the first to develop a survey instrument to measure the degree of bureaucratization in organizations. After an extensive literature review, he identified six dimensions of bureaucracy: hierarchy of authority, division of labor, rules and regulations, procedural speclTlcatlons, Impersonallty, ana tecnnlcal competence. HIS instrument (Organizational Inv entory) has 62 items. All dimensions have 10 items xcept for hierarchy of authority, which has 12 items. Modified versions of his instrument have been used in educational settings to assess school bureaucratization.Researchers have added more items to his instrument during modifications. Hall's instrument was first modified by the Canadian researcher, MacKay (1964), to measure six dimensions of bureaucracy in educational settings. In Canada, Robinson (1966), Kolesar (1967) and Punch (1967) continued to use and refine the Mackay's instrument. These Canadian researchers were followed by Anderson (1970), Isherwood ( 1971), and Sousa (1980) in the U. S. Researchers using modified versions of Hall's instrument have consistently found six dimensions of bureaucracy clustered around two overall higher-order dimensions.Hall (1961) warned that one of the six dimensions could be an abureaucratic dimension. He found that the technical 4 competence dimension was inversely correlated with three d imensions. Mackay (1964) and Robinson (1966) also found that the dimensions did not converge under a single overall dimension. Punch (1967) found that six dimensions formed two higher order dimensions. Hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, procedural pecifications, and impersonality clustered together while division of labor and technical competence clustered together.The higher order dimension formed by the first set of dimensions is a measure of bureaucratization while the higher order dimension formed by the second set of dimensions is a partial measure of professionalism. Isherwood and Hoy (1973) confirmed that Hall's six dimensions cluster under two separate second order dimensions. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the utility of Hall's conceptualization of bureaucracy in analyzing the organizational structure of Turkish elementary and econdary schools. Research on educational organizations in Turkey is not as advanced as it is in the western countries.T urkey adopted its centralized ministry system from European nations. No empirical studies were found on structural characteristics of Turkish public schools. Researchers do not have an empirical base to help them understand how organizations function. It is hoped that this study will start a literature base on the subject and provide a tool to assess the organizational structure of schools that is desperately needed in Turkey. Also an empirical llustration from Turkey might provide a useful addition to the literature because the literature on school organizations in developing countries is very limited.Researchers know little about how school bureaucracy functions in other cultures. Questions How are the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary and secondary schools related? What are the relationships between the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary schools and the demographic variables? wnat are tne relatlonsnlps Detween tne Dureaucratlc Olmenslons 0T lur s elementary and secondary schools and teachers' sense of power? 5 Definitions Major Variables A bureaucracy is an organizational form designed to accomplish large-scale administrative tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals (Blau, 1956).Hierarchy of authority (HA) is â€Å"the extent to which the locus of decision making is prestructured by the organization†(Hall, 1968, p. 95). Division of labor or specialization (DL) is â€Å"the extent to which work tasks are subdivided by functional specialization within the organization† (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Rule enforcement or rules and regulations (RR) is â€Å"the degree to which the behaviors of organizational members re subject to organizational control† (Hall, 1968; p. 95).Procedural specification (PS) is â€Å"the extent to which organizational members must follow organizationally defined techniques in dealing with situations they encounter† (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Impersonality (IM) is â€Å"the e xtent to which both organizational members and outsiders are treated without regard to individual qualities†(Hall, 1968, p. 95). This dimension has two distinct factors. (1) Friendly climate (CLM) is the degree to which relations in the organization are friendly and warm. (2) Formality (FRM) is the degree to which nteractions among people are formal and free from emotions.The second factor was accepted as the measure of impersonality. The friendliness of the school climate is most likely to be an outcome variable rather than a structural variable. This variable was analyzed separately. Promotions based on technical competence (TC) is â€Å"the extent to which organizationally defined â€Å"universalistic† standards are utilized in the personnel selection and advancement (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Control is the degree to which bureaucratic authority is utilized to regulate teacher behaviors.Expertise is the degree to which professional authority is utilized to regulate teach er Sense of power (SP) is the extent to which a teacher believes he/she is able to influence the course of events in the school that holds significance for him/her (Moeller 1962). 6 Teacher's friendship with school administrators was measured by responses to the statement, † I have a friendship with school administrators outside the school,† on a five-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 = definitely inaccurate to 5 = definitely accurate . Demographic Variables Name of city is the school district where the teacher works.It is operationalized as the name of the township: Karabuk (1), Safranbolu (2), Eflani (3), Eskipazar (4), Yenice (5), and Ovacik (6). Number of sessions is a two-category variable. Teachers were grouped into two categories ( ) teacners wno work at scnools tnat run one sesslon a cay ana teachers who work at schools that run two sessions a day. Level of the school refers to grades in the teacher's school. Teachers in elementary school (K-5) were coded as one, teachers in middle schools (6-8) were coded as two, and teachers in high schools (9-11) were coded as three.Size variables are (1) the number of teachers who are on the payroll of the teacher's school, (2) number of students enrolled in the teacher's school, (3) student-teacher ratio in the teacher's school, (4) number of classrooms in the teacher's school, and (5) number of administrators in the teacher's school. Age of the teacher's school is the number of years passed since the foundation of the school. Urbanization is a three-level categorical variable: teachers who work in urban schools, teachers who work in suburban schools, and teachers who work in rural schools. Urban was coded as one, suburban was coded as two, and rural was coded s three.Occupation of principal's father was a five-level categorical variable: teachers who work under principals whose fathers were farmers (coded 1), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were blue collar workers (coded 2), tea chers who work under principals whose fathers were small business owners (coded 3), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were civil servants (coded 4), and teachers who work under principals whose fathers were professionals (code 5). 7 Sex is the gender of the teacher. Male teachers were coded as one while female teachers were coded two.Socio-economic status of teacher was measured by three variables (1) growing up location of teacher, (2) number of sisters and brothers of teacher, and (3) father's occupation of teacher. The grown-up location of teacher was operationalized as rural (1), town (2), city (3), big city (4), and all (5). Father's occupation was categorized as small business owner (1), civil servant (2), blue-collar worker (3), and farmer (4). Socio economic status of students (SES) is the teacher's principal's perception of students socioeconomic status measured on a five point likert type scale.Principals ere asked to rate students in their school on a five- point scale ranging from very poor (1) to very wealthy (5). Political ties of teachers were measured on a five-point Likert- type scale. Teachers were asked to respond to following statement: â€Å"l know influential people who can help me if I am in trouble in this school. † Response options ranged from definitely inaccurate (1) to definitely accurate (5). Experience of teacher was measured by four variables: (1) age of teacher, (2) total service years of teacher in teaching, (3) total years in administrative positions and (4) ork experience outside teaching.The last variable, the work experience outside teaching, was a categorical variable. Teachers who had work experience outside teaching were assigned one while teachers who did not have work experience outside teaching were assigned two. Overall alienation from work was utilized to cnec tne vallOl ty 0T sense 0T power scale. leacners were asKea to response to tne following question: â€Å"Do you wish your child to pursue a career in teaching? † Those who said â€Å"†yes† were assigned â€Å"two† and those who said â€Å"no† were assigned â€Å"one. † Teacher's birthplace had two possible responses. Those who were born in the province, Karabuk, were assigned a â€Å"two. Those who were born outside the province were assigned a â€Å"one. † Training had three potential responses. Teachers who were not graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a â€Å"one,† teachers who were not graduated from teacher colleges but 8 earned teaching certificate by attending extra training were assigned a â€Å"two,† and regular teachers who were graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a â€Å"three. † Experience of principals had three measures: (1) age of teacher's principal, (2) total ears in administrative positions, and (3) total service years in education sector.These measures were obtained during school visitations. Percentage of male is the percentage of male teachers in teacher's school. Organization of the Study The relevant literature is reviewed in the second chapter. The third chapter deals with instrumentation and methodology. The findings of the pilot study are reported in the fourth chapter. The findings of the research sample are in the fifth chapter. After discussions of findings, recommendations for further research are presented in the sixth chapter.

What made peace hard in the Arab-Israeli conflict

The calmness pact amidst Israel and promised land was sign-language(a) by the two pre emplacementnts, Yitzhak Rabin (Israeli president) and Yasser Arafat (Palestinian president) in 1993. The quiescence agreement didnt last for actu all in ally long because the two countries as a whole didnt obtain care the heartsease treaty because scads of diverse groups didnt agree with it.When the Israelis were habituated flat coat in Palestine by the US, They were outraged. They had owned it for al closely the last 2000 years. The Palestinians didnt weigh wherefore they had to give up their consume to the Israelis. What do it worse was the item that the Israelis took everyplace capital of Israel (sacred place to m all(prenominal) Israelis and Palestinians) during the state of war in 1967. The Israeli Jews cherished capital of Israel because that is where the Wailing Wall is (the last stand up wall of their ancient mosque). The Palestinian Muslims wanted Jerusalem beca use they imagine that their prophet Mohammed descended to enlightenment at that place. The fact that twain sides wanted Jerusalem do pause catchy because they wanted a place that is holy to some(prenominal) of them, and were willing to fight for it.During the wars, s til nowadays cardinal thousand Palestinians were forced out of the rural by the Israelis. They had to become refugees and they had truly inadequate living conditions because most of them lived in jury-rigged huts and tents. Also, they had poor water supply and a lack of fodder. They were living in p all everywherety, and this do the situation even worse because they all hated the Israelis even more(prenominal) because they had compulsive them out and do them live handle this. This made pink of my John more vexed because the Palestinians have no quality of breeding and they hate the Israelis even more. When reporters from Britain and America went to the refugees over there to get some news, they imbed out that their life was awful for them and whence Britain and America started feeling big for them. The PLO estimate because the fact Britain and America were feeling sorry for them, that they should stop utilize terrorism. The HAMAS however, didnt stop using terrorism. This made wild pansy more troublesome because there was gloss over terrorism and pile dying from this.HAMAS are a Palestinian group who do non usurp the state of Israel. They are terrorist organisitions who use self-annihilation bombings to drive to get what they want, which is to destroy Israel and effectuate an Islamic state of Palestine. They are worse than the PLO ever were. They think terrorism is the resolving role because if they use terrorism they will be adequate to scare the Israelis so practically they will eventually surrender. HAMAS challenged the PLO and Arafat for support so they would be able to get bombs and weapons. The Israelis didnt care HAMAS because they were terrorizing their citizens and they were killing lashings of spate. This made tranquility more seeming because if the Israelis didnt like what HAMAS were doing, they would try to exercise ease to develop HAMAS stop.Israel is a small inelegant of less than 5 million heap but there are motionless many different views on how the untaught should be run. The grind troupe is one of the two most powerful parties in Israeli politics. They believe that peace is an definitive for the wellbeing of their country. The oppositewise one is the Likud company. The Likud believe that there should be no Palestinian state and if the Palestinians do something to them they will hit back even harder. Likud won every election in Israel since 1977 up to 1992 which is when the mash troupe won. This helped situate peace doable because the politicians in the get the picture party were willing to sign a peace treaty with Yasser Arafat of the PLO.Israel however still had their super power, the regular army. When USA heard that Russia had collapsed at the end of the cold war, they didnt support Israel so strongly because there was no Russia to fight with because they were non helping Palestine anymore. When Russia collapsed, the Arab countries had no support. This was because Russia (USSR) and they had no money from them or weapons. Because of this, different countries felt more sympathetic towards them. Because haemorrhoid of the Arab countries were looking to the US for money and weapons now, the US had more find over them. This made peace easier because if the US had more influence over them and then they could make them make peace.The gulf war was the war between Iraq and the UN when Saddam ibn Talal Hussein tried to realize over capital of Kuwait. The USA went over to Kuwait and halt him from invading. divide of Arab countries supported the USA when they were trying to stop Saddam Hussein. thence the Arab countries asked USA why they were on Israels side because the y did the same as Saddam Hussein in taking over land that was not theirs. The Arabs thought this was very hypocritical of them because they werent stopping the Israelis from something that Saddam Hussein had through with(p). scouring (USA president) wanted to keep the Saudi Arabia and Egypt on his side so the other countries would be more sympathetic towards the Palestinians. This made the peace treaty more likely because then the Palestinians would be more willing to make peace because this put pressure on the Israelis to make peace.The members of Likud believe that the entire country of Israel should be theirs, and there should be no form of division of it for the Palestinians. They are not willing to make peace and parting their land with the Palestinians at all. The do working class party thought that Jerusalem should still decease to the Jews, but they still thought they should give some land back to the Palestinians in return for peace. When Arafat and the PLO heard of t his proposition, they accepted this resolution, and they had mellowed hopes at the prospect of peace later nearly 40 years of constant negotiating.The PLO gave up using terrorism and their think of trying to drive the Israelis into the sea because they now knew it wouldnt work. This made peace more accomplishable because they were no longer killing tribe unnecessarily. Another reason why this made peace more possible was because no one would have sat see at a sidestep if Yasser Arafat was there, because he was the leader of the PLO, which was the terrorist group. Another reason why peace was more possible was because reporters went over to where the refugees lived and open up out how they had to live. They found they lived in horrible makeshift tents and they had little food and little water. They effected that people had been born(p) and had died as refugees and had no quality of life. The PLO realised that using terrorism wasnt getting them anywhere and they needed to stop to be able to get peace.Palestinian civilians aged slightly fourteen in the Israeli streets started to resurrect once against the Israeli soldiers by throwing stones at the tanks. The soldiers became roiling and started to shoot them. mountain were outraged on both the Palestinian and the Israeli sides. These were vertical kids they were shooting and they werent doing any harm by throwing stones at the tanks. This made peace more likely because the people on the Palestinian side were angry that the Israeli soldiers were sound shooting their children dead, and they wanted it to stop. This would have made them want to sign the peace treaty.People started to feel sorry for the Palestinians and not charge up them for the fact that peace was not possible. When the PLO halt using terrorism, peace was more possible because they were not trying to kill people to try and get what they wanted. However, HAMAS had not stopped using terrorism and were using self-destruction bomber s and promising people would go to paradise if they died for their country and their religion. Arafat (leader of the PLO) was losing popularity to them and people started pick uping to HAMAS sort of of Yasser Arafat. This made peace more likely because Yasser Arafat needed some sort of success against HAMAS, so he signed the peace treaty.In 1993, when the two countries of Israel and Palestine signed a peace treaty, Clinton was there as the peacemaker. He wanted to be seen like this because it made him look good to everyone else and in like manner may have helped him win a next election because he has done something rattling good. One of the reasons Yasser Arafat agreed to the peace treaty was because he needed some sort of success against HAMAS. He wanted to have some more popularity again amongst his people so they would listen to him and not HAMAS.Yitzhak Rabin wanted to make peace because his country was facing economic problems and the government was expending far too lots on the army and weapons. Also Yitzhak Rabin wanted peace because the Intifada was making Israel look mischievously because of their occupation and control of Palestinian territories. The set-back Intifada ended when Israel granted modified autonomy to the Palestine national imprimatur in the 1993 peace agreement.Lots of things were really necessary to change on both sides for peace between Israel and Palestine. There were lots of things each side did that the other hated. Lots of things did change and made peace possible. premier(prenominal) of all, one thing that changed was the new succeeder of the general Israeli elections in 1992. The Labour party won the next election which made Yitzhak Rabin the president. The grate party were in favour of making peace with Palestine, contradictory the Likud who had been in power since 1977. The Likud who were against making peace in Israel were not in power any more so they could not stop the peace treaty. Because the labour party was in control, lots of other people in Israel thought that the peace treaty was a good idea. This was a really important thing to happen because if the Labour party had not been elected there was not going to be any chance of Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat signing a peace treaty.Also in Palestine lots of things changed. The PLO stopped terrorism because people found out how the refugees were living, which made peace possible because they werent killing loads of the opposite side. This was kinda an important reason because if the PLO hadnt given up terrorism, no one would have sat down at a table with Yasser Arafat and tried to make peace if he was the leader of a terrorist group.Also the fact that HAMAS were becoming more popular in Palestine made Yasser Arafat want to do something good so he would be more popular again, and people would listen to him and not to HAMAS. This was not as much an important reason as the other reasons because Yasser Arafat would have wanted peace anyway, no matter whether HAMAS was going to carry on with terrorism. Also this was not as important because HAMAS didnt originally sign the peace treaty, so they were not really part of the agreement. They save made peace more difficult after the treaty had been signed.Overall both the Israelis and the Palestinians had something in their society that changed to make the peace treaty work. Some things still didnt work out though because although the PLO stopped terrorism, HAMAS still used it. Also, even though the labour party won in 1992, the Likud party won the next election. The Likud were not in favour of peace so this did not work out because the Likud spent abundant amounts money on the army again.